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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Piglet coccidiosis due to is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral...
Piglet coccidiosis due to is a major cause of diarrhea and poor growth worldwide. It can effectively be controlled by application of toltrazuril (TZ), and oral formulations have been licensed for many years. Recently, the first parenteral formulation containing TZ in combination with iron (gleptoferron) was registered in the EU for the prevention of coccidiosis and iron deficiency anemia, conditions in suckling piglets requiring routine preventive measures. This study evaluated the absorption and distribution of TZ and its main metabolite, toltrazuril sulfone (TZ-SO), in blood and intestinal tissues after single oral (20 mg/kg) or single intramuscular (45 mg/piglet) application of TZ. Fifty-six piglets were randomly allocated to the two treatment groups. Animals were sacrificed 1-, 5-, 13-, and 24-days post-treatment and TZ and TZ-SO levels were determined in blood, jejunal tissue, ileal tissue, and mixed jejunal and ileal content (IC) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intramuscular application resulted in significantly higher and more sustained concentrations of both compounds in plasma, intestinal tissue, and IC. Higher concentrations after oral dosing were only observed one day after application of TZ in jejunum and IC. Toltrazuril was quickly metabolized to TZ-SO with maximum concentrations on day 13 for both applications. Remarkably, TZ and TZ-SO accumulated in the jejunum, the primary predilection site of , independently of the administration route, which is key to their antiparasitic effect.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Ileum; Injections, Intramuscular; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Sulfones; Swine; Swine Diseases; Triazines
PubMed: 34577103
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185633 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022To investigate the change in zinc homeostasis of broilers under heat stress, 512 broiler chickens were raised to the age of 28 days. The broilers were then assigned to...
To investigate the change in zinc homeostasis of broilers under heat stress, 512 broiler chickens were raised to the age of 28 days. The broilers were then assigned to heat stress and normal temperature (36.0°C vs. 26.0°C) groups for 7 days. The results showed that oxidative stress induced by high temperature had a negative effect on the growth performance of broilers. Heat stress altered zinc homeostasis and led to a redistribution of zinc in broilers, which was reflected in increased zinc concentrations in the jejunum, liver, and tibia. Upregulation of the expression of the zinc exporter and importers and in the jejunum indicated that more zinc was absorbed and transported from the jejunum into the blood, while the liver increased its capacity to hold zinc through upregulation of metallothionein () expression, which was achieved by reducing expression and upregulating the expression of the importer . The pathway was mediated by zinc transporters, but the capacity of to chelate and release zinc ions also played a crucial role. The mechanism of alterations in zinc homeostasis under heat stress was revealed by the changes in zinc transporters and levels in the intestine and liver. Heat stress also altered cecal microbial diversity and reduced the relative abundances of and . In conclusion, broilers altered systemic zinc homeostasis through the regulation of zinc transporters and in the liver and jejunum to resist oxidative stress induced by high temperature.
Topics: Animals; Carrier Proteins; Chickens; Homeostasis; Jejunum; Liver; Metallothionein; Oxidative Stress; Temperature; Zinc
PubMed: 35387265
DOI: 10.1155/2022/1427335 -
Poultry Science Dec 2022The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanism of action of 2 feed additives in reducing the impacts of virus and temperature stressors. We...
Protected biofactors and antioxidants reduce the negative consequences of virus and cold challenge while enhancing performance by modulating immunometabolism through cytoskeletal and immune signaling in the jejunum.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and mechanism of action of 2 feed additives in reducing the impacts of virus and temperature stressors. We determined the effects of protected biofactors and antioxidants (P(BF+AOx)), and protected biofactors and antioxidants with protected organic acids and essential oils (P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO)) on the immune and metabolic health of Ross 308 broiler chickens. These biofactors and antioxidants were derived from vitamins, and Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis fermentation extracts. All Ross 308 chickens were exposed to a double-dose of live bronchitis vaccine at d 0 and environmentally challenged by reducing the temperature from 32°C to 20°C at d 3 for 48 h. Control birds were fed without feed additives in the diet. Performance data and jejunum samples were collected to evaluate the effects of these treatments on growth, cytokine expression, and protein phosphorylation via kinome peptide array. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis of the performance and gene expression data (p-value of 0.05), and PIIKA2 was used for statistical evaluation and comparison of the kinome peptide array data. The P(BF plus;AOx) and P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO) treatments significantly increased bird weight gain and decreased feed conversion. The kinome peptide array data analysis showed increased activity of cytoskeletal, cell growth and proliferation proteins, and metabolic signaling in the jejunum of P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO) treated chickens. There was a significant decrease in IL-6 gene expression in the jejunum of P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO) samples compared to control at d 15. P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO) treatments in the jejunum showed strong immunomodulatory effects, perhaps to control inflammation. P(BF+AOx)+P(OA+EO) improves gut health via growth and metabolic signaling in the jejunum while inducing stronger immunomodulation.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Chickens; Animal Feed; Jejunum; Diet; Weight Gain; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36240637
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102172 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2021Weaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the...
Weaning is a critical period in the life of pigs with repercussions on their health and welfare and on the economy of the swine industry. This study aimed to assess the effect of the commercial early weaning on gut microbiota, intestinal gene expression and serum metabolomic response via an integrated-omic approach combining 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the OpenArray gene expression technology and H-NMR spectroscopy. Fourteen piglets from different litters were sampled for blood, jejunum tissue and caecal content two days before (- 2d), and three days after (+ 3d) weaning. A clearly differential ordination of caecal microbiota was observed. Higher abundances of Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Dorea and Lachnospira genera in weaned piglets compared to prior to weaning showed the quick microbial changes of the piglets' gut microbiota. Downregulation of OCLN, CLDN4, MUC2, MUC13, SLC15A1 and SLC13A1 genes, also evidenced the negative impact of weaning on gut barrier and digestive functions. Metabolomic approach pinpointed significant decreases in choline, LDL, triglycerides, fatty acids, alanine and isoleucine and increases in 3-hydroxybutyrate after weaning. Moreover, the correlation between microbiota and metabolome datasets revealed the existence of metabolic clusters interrelated to different bacterial clusters. Our results demonstrate the impact of weaning stress on the piglet and give insights regarding the associations between gut microbiota and the animal gene activity and metabolic response.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Cecum; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Host Microbial Interactions; Jejunum; Metabolome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 34873196
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02754-6 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2023The study assessed the effect of smectites (bentonite and zeolite) used as natural sorbents in the diet of pigs on feed digestibility, health parameters, the severity of...
BACKGROUND
The study assessed the effect of smectites (bentonite and zeolite) used as natural sorbents in the diet of pigs on feed digestibility, health parameters, the severity of anatomo-histological changes in organs, and the accumulation of volatile pollutants in organs.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was conducted using fattening pigs (crossbreds from multiple breeds) assigned to three groups - a control (C) and two experimental groups (A and B), with 240 pigs in each group (3 replicates × 80). The animals in group C received a standard complete diet, while groups A and B received diets with 1.5% composed smectite sorbents. The feed and faeces were analysed for content of dry matter, crude ash, crude protein, ether extract, and crude fibre. The content of P was determined using a Helios Alpha UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Whole blood was analysed for haematological parameters and serum for biochemical parameters. Tissue samples were collected for analysis of volatile substances and histological analysis. After slaughter, samples of the lungs, liver, kidneys and jejunum were collected for morphological evaluation, and samples of the perirenal fat, liver, kidneys, lungs and brain for headspace gas chromatography (GC) to determine the levels of volatile toxic substances.
RESULTS
A statistical increase in the digestibility of crude fibre and an increase in that of P were observed in both experimental groups (A and B) in comparison to the control. The whole blood and serum of the pigs from the control group had statistically significantly higher levels of creatinine, urea, and Mg and a higher WBC count compared to both experimental groups (A and B).
CONCLUSIONS
The feed additives were not shown to have a negative effect on the health parameters analysed or on accumulation of pollutants in selected tissues. No significant effect on the digestibility of most nutrients was observed; only an increase in the digestibility of crude fibre and a decrease in P digestibility were noted in the experimental groups.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Digestion; Diet; Nutrients; Feces; Jejunum; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 36609375
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03563-3 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants that threaten human and animal health. Intestinal microbiota may be an important ARGs...
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are emerging environmental contaminants that threaten human and animal health. Intestinal microbiota may be an important ARGs repository, and intensive animal farming is a likely contributor to the environmental burden of ARGs. Using metagenomic sequencing, we investigated the structure, function, and drug resistance of the jejunal microbial community in Landrace (LA, Kunming), Saba (SB, Kunming), Dahe (DH, Qujing), and Diannan small-ear piglets (DS, Xishuangbanna) from different areas in Yunnan Province, China. Remarkable differences in jejunal microbial diversity among the different pig breeds, while the microbial composition of pig breeds in close areas tends to be similar. Functional analysis showed that there were abundant metabolic pathways and carbohydrate enzymes in all samples. In total, 32,487 ARGs were detected in all samples, which showed resistance to 38 categories of drugs. The abundance of ARGs in jejunum was not significantly different between LA and SB from the same area, but significantly different between DS, DH and LA or SB from different areas. Therefore, the abundance of ARGs was little affected by pig breeds and microorganism community structure, but it was closely related to geographical location. In addition, as a probiotic, is also an important ARGs producing bacterium. Our results revealed the antibiotic exposure and intestinal microbial resistance of farms in the study areas, which could provide basic knowledge and potential strategies for rational use of antibiotics and reducing the risk of ARGs transmission in animal husbandry.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; China; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genes, Bacterial; Jejunum; Microbiota; Swine
PubMed: 35719330
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.887428 -
Communications Biology Feb 2021Glycoproteins and glycolipids at the plasma membrane contribute to a range of functions from growth factor signaling to cell adhesion and migration. Glycoconjugates...
Glycoproteins and glycolipids at the plasma membrane contribute to a range of functions from growth factor signaling to cell adhesion and migration. Glycoconjugates undergo endocytic trafficking. According to the glycolipid-lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, the construction of tubular endocytic pits is driven in a glycosphingolipid-dependent manner by sugar-binding proteins of the galectin family. Here, we provide evidence for a function of the GL-Lect mechanism in transcytosis across enterocytes in the mouse intestine. We show that galectin-3 (Gal3) and its newly identified binding partner lactotransferrin are transported in a glycosphingolipid-dependent manner from the apical to the basolateral membrane. Transcytosis of lactotransferrin is perturbed in Gal3 knockout mice and can be rescued by exogenous Gal3. Inside enterocytes, Gal3 is localized to hallmark structures of the GL-Lect mechanism, termed clathrin-independent carriers. These data pioneer the existence of GL-Lect endocytosis in vivo and strongly suggest that polarized trafficking across the intestinal barrier relies on this mechanism.
Topics: Animals; Blood Proteins; Enterocytes; Galectin 3; Galectins; Glycosphingolipids; Jejunum; Lactoferrin; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Transcytosis; Mice
PubMed: 33564097
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01693-2 -
BioMed Research International 2020Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal...
Diets containing different crude protein levels (16%, 14%, and 12%) were created to feed Bamei pigs in order to study the effect of these compositions on intestinal colonies. Therefore, 27 healthy Bamei pigs of similar weight (20.99 kg ± 0.16 kg) were selected and randomly divided into three groups for microbial diversity analysis. The results of this study show that microbial diversities and abundances in Bamei pig jejunum and caecum samples after feeding with different dietary protein levels were significantly different. Dietary crude protein level exerted no significant effect on the Shannon index for cecum microbes in these pigs, while Simpson, ACE, and Chao1 indices for group I were all significantly higher than those of either the control group or group II ( < 0.05). Indeed, data show that microbial diversities and abundances in the 14% protein level group were higher than those in either the 16% or 12% groups. Dominant bacteria present in jejunum and cecum samples given low-protein diets were members of the phyla and . Data show that as dietary crude protein level decreases, representatives of the microbial flora genus in jejunum and cecum samples gradually increases. Values for the KEGG functional prediction of microbial flora at different dietary protein levels also show that genes of jejunum and cecum microorganisms were mainly enriched in the "metabolism" pathway and indicate that low protein diets increase intestinal metabolic activity. Therefore, we recommend that Bamei pig dietary protein levels are reduced 2% from their existing level of 16% crude protein. We also suggest that essential synthetic amino acids (AA) are added to optimize this ideal protein model as this will increase intestinal flora diversity in these pigs and enhance health. These changes will have a positive effect in promoting the healthy growth of Bamei pigs.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Cecum; Databases, Genetic; Dietary Proteins; Intestines; Jejunum; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine
PubMed: 33294435
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2610431 -
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira Sep 2020To investigate the effect of probiotics on spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle isolated from jejunum and ileum of rat model.
PURPOSE
To investigate the effect of probiotics on spontaneous contractions of smooth muscle isolated from jejunum and ileum of rat model.
METHODS
Four rat groups were created (n=8, in each) including control (Group 1), control+probiotic (Group 2), short bowel (Group 3), and short bowel+probiotic (Group 4). Groups 1 and 2 underwent sham operation, Groups 3 and 4 underwent massive bowel resection. Bifidobacterium Lactis was administered in Groups 2 and 4 daily (P.O.) for three weeks. On postoperative week 3, rats were sacrificed, and jejunum and ileum smooth muscle were isolated for organ bath. Muscle contraction changes were analyzed before and after addition of antagonists.
RESULTS
Short bowel group exhibited increased amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions. The addition of probiotics significantly decreased enhanced amplitude and frequency of bowel contraction in short bowel group and returned to control values. L-NNA increased amplitude and frequency of contractions in all groups. While indomethacin and nimesulide increased the amplitude in all groups, the frequency was only increased in jejunum. Hexamethonium and tetrodotoxin did not change the contraction characteristics in all groups.
CONCLUSION
We suggest that early use of probiotics may significantly regulate bowel motility, and accordingly improve absorption of nutrients in short bowel syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Motility; Jejunum; Muscle, Smooth; Probiotics; Rats; Short Bowel Syndrome
PubMed: 32901681
DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020200080000004 -
European Journal of Surgical Oncology :... Oct 2019Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), with a primary occurrence in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, are rare and treatment is poorly understood. This study aimed to...
INTRODUCTION
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), with a primary occurrence in the duodenum and proximal jejunum, are rare and treatment is poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate the main factors influencing the prognosis of GIST resection in this complex anatomical structure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective study included 47 patients who underwent surgery for primary GIST of the duodenum (20) and proximal jejunum (27) between 2012 and 2017. Perioperative clinical data as well as relapse and survival information were collected.
RESULTS
All patients underwent negative margin resection (R0) of duodenal and proximal jejunum GISTs. Complications occurred more frequently in treatment of duodenal GISTs than proximal jejunum GISTs (p = 0.003). GISTs in D3 (the 3rd portion of duodenum) were related to larger tumor size (p = 0.001), higher probability of severe complication rate (p = 0.042), longer hospital stays (p = 0.023) and fasting time (p = 0.020). More complications were found for patients with digestive reconstruction than limited resection (p = 0.010). Additionally, patients with a tumor mass larger than 5 cm or a mitotic index greater than 5 mitoses/50 HPFs showed poorer therapeutic outcomes. The 1- and 3-year overall survival was 97.9% and 86.1%, respectively and were not influenced by operation type (p = 0.061) or GIST position (p = 0.447).
CONCLUSION
With negative operational margins, limited resection is a safe and feasible procedure for duodenal and proximal jejunum GIST patients and unnecessary digestive reconstruction should be avoided. Considering the severe complication rate, resection for GISTs in D3 should be performed with care.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Duodenal Neoplasms; Duodenum; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Incidence; Jejunal Neoplasms; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Survival Rate; Young Adult
PubMed: 31085027
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.05.002