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Pathophysiology : the Official Journal... Dec 2022Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and...
PURPOSE
Previous studies suggest that the endothelial glycocalyx adds to vascular resistance, inhibits thrombosis, and is critical for regulating homogeneous blood flow and ensuring uniform red blood cell (RBC) distribution. However, these functions and consequences of the glycocalyx have not been examined in the retina. We hypothesize that the endothelial glycocalyx is a critical regulator of retinal hemodynamics and perfusion and decreases the propensity for retinal thrombus formation.
METHODS
Hyaluronidase and heparinase, which are endothelial glycocalyx-degrading enzymes, were infused into mice. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (2000 kDa) was injected to measure lumen diameter, while RBC velocity and distribution were measured using fluorescently labeled RBCs. The diameters and velocities were used to calculate retinal blood flow and shear rates. Mean circulation time was calculated by measuring the difference between arteriolar and venular mean transit times. Rose Bengal dye was infused, followed by illumination with a green light to induce thrombosis.
RESULTS
The acute infusion of hyaluronidase and heparinase led to significant increases in both arteriolar (7%) and venular (16%) diameters in the retina, with a tendency towards increased arteriolar velocity. In addition, the degradation caused a significant decrease in the venular shear rate (14%). The enzyme infusion resulted in substantial increases in total retinal blood flow (26%) and retinal microhematocrit but no changes in the mean circulation time through the retina. We also observed an enhanced propensity for retinal thrombus formation with the removal of the glycocalyx.
CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that acute degradation of the glycocalyx can cause significant changes in retinal hemodynamics, with increases in vessel diameter, blood flow, microhematocrit, pro-thrombotic conditions, and decreases in venular shear rate.
PubMed: 36548208
DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29040052 -
International Ophthalmology Feb 2022To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
AIM
To compare pupillary responses in patients with Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) during active infection and at 3rd months post-infection.
METHODS
This study included 58 COVID-19 cases (mean age 47.23 ± 1.1 years). The scotopic, mesopic and photopic diameters were noted. Pupil diameters were noted at the 0, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds in reflex pupil dilation after the termination of a light. The average dilation speed was calculated at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th seconds. Pupil responses measured during COVID-19 infection and 3 months later were compared.
RESULTS
The mean scotopic and mesopic pupil diameter value of during COVID-19 infection was found lower than the 3rd month post-infection. (p = 0.001, p = 0.023; respectively). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean photopic pupil diameter and the mean pupil diameter at 0 s between measurements (p > 0.05, p = 0.734; respectively). The mean pupil diameter was significantly lower during COVID-19 infection at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th seconds (p < 0.01, for each). The average dilation speed measurements at every second measured were lower in during COVID-19 infection than the 3rd months later (p = 0.001; p < 0.01 for each).
CONCLUSIONS
Pupil responses were found significantly different in COVID-19 cases when compared with the measurements taken three months later.
Topics: COVID-19; Color Vision; Humans; Middle Aged; Pupil; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34613562
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02053-z -
Archives of Medical Science : AMS 2021Longitudinal stretching of the aorta due to systolic heart motion contributes to the stress in the wall of the ascending aorta. The objective of this study was to assess...
INTRODUCTION
Longitudinal stretching of the aorta due to systolic heart motion contributes to the stress in the wall of the ascending aorta. The objective of this study was to assess longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta and its correlation with the diameters of the ascending aorta and the aortic root.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Aortographies of 122 patients were analyzed. The longitudinal systolic stretching of the aorta caused by the contraction of the heart during systole and the maximum dimensions of the aortic root and ascending aorta were measured in all patients.
RESULTS
The maximum dimension of the aortic root was on average 34.9 ±4.5 mm and the mean diameter of the ascending aorta was 33.9 ±5.4 mm. The systolic aortic stretching negatively correlated with age ( = -0.49, < 0.001) and the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta ( = -0.44, < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the stretching and the dimension of the aortic root ( = -0.11, = 0.239). There was a statistically significant ( < 0.001) difference in the longitudinal aortic stretching values between patients with a normal aortic valve (10.6 ±3.1 mm) and an aortic valve pathology (8.0 ±3.2 mm in all patients with an aortic valve pathology; 7.5 ±4.3 mm in isolated aortic stenosis, 8.5 ±2.9 mm in the case of isolated insufficiency, 8.2 ±2.8 mm for valves that were both stenotic and insufficient).
CONCLUSIONS
Systolic aortic stretching negatively correlates with the diameter of the tubular ascending aorta and the age of the patients, and does not correlate with the diameter of the aortic root. It is lower in patients with an aortic valve pathology.
PubMed: 33488852
DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.82997 -
PloS One 2022Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic,...
OBJECTIVE
Diameter is currently the only screening and diagnostic criterion for asymptomatic aneurysms. Therefore, aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameter has diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance. We aimed to determine aortic and lower-extremity arterial reference diameters in a general population and compare them according to age, sex, and other characteristics.
METHODS
We evaluated consecutive 3,692 patients who underwent computed tomography as part of a general health checkup from 2015-2019 in a single tertiary center. Aortic and lower-extremity arterial diameters and the most important factor related to arterial diameters were evaluated.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm, while that of the common iliac artery was 10.851 ± 1.689 mm. The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta was 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Significant intersex differences were observed for all mean diameters and lengths. Multilinear regression analysis showed that age, sex, and body surface area impacted mean diameters of all measured sites except aorta and common iliac artery length. Between male and female patients matched for body surface area, there were significant intersex differences for all measured sites, except for common iliac artery length.
CONCLUSIONS
The mean diameter of the abdominal aorta in this healthy cohort was 17.490 ± 2.110 mm overall, 18.377 ± 1.766 mm in men, and 15.884 ± 1.694 mm in women. Arterial diameter increased with male sex, older age, and increased body surface area, and aortic diameters were larger in men than in women with the same body surface area.
Topics: Aorta, Abdominal; Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal; Body Surface Area; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Iliac Artery; Male; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35511926
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268077 -
Clinical Radiology Jul 2022To report the morphology of maternal kidneys captured on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including kidney length, volume, renal pelvis diameter, and...
AIM
To report the morphology of maternal kidneys captured on fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including kidney length, volume, renal pelvis diameter, and corticomedullary differentiation in pregnancy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective study of maternal kidney morphology captured incidentally on fetal MRI. Women without chronic kidney disease, with a complete view of both kidneys and a singleton pregnancy were included. Kidney length, maximal renal pelvis diameter, kidney volume, and corticomedullary differentiation ratio were measured independently in duplicate. Associations with maternal and pregnancy variables were explored using linear regression.
RESULTS
MRI images from 42 women were performed at 22-32 weeks' gestation. Serum creatinine concentrations are not checked routinely during pregnancy and were available for 15 (36%) women, with a median creatinine of 57 μmol/l (IQR: 50-63 μmol/l). Mean interpolar lengths were 10.9 and 10.4 cm for the left and right kidneys and varied with height. Mean maximal renal pelvis diameters were 9 mm and 12 mm, with upper reference intervals of 17 and 25 mm for the left and right kidneys, respectively. Renal volume in pregnancy was within the non-pregnant reference interval and varied with height and gestation.
CONCLUSIONS
Maternal kidney length and volume in pregnancy are within the normal reference intervals for non-pregnant women. Renal pelvis diameter in pregnancy measured using MRI is substantially higher than described previously by ultrasound, with implications for routine reporting.
Topics: Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Kidney; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography; Ultrasonography, Prenatal
PubMed: 35570156
DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.03.019 -
European Journal of Radiology Open 2020To determine the role of Contrast enhanced MRI (CEMRI) in the evaluation of Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST).
PURPOSE
To determine the role of Contrast enhanced MRI (CEMRI) in the evaluation of Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST).
METHOD
The study included 7 patients with an imaging diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of Contrast enhanced MRI of 9 affected cavernous sinuses and a control group of 7 patients (14 cavernous sinuses) was conducted. Various qualitative and quantitative parameters were then compared.
RESULTS
In the patient group, the mean Cavernous sinus (CS) diameter, Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) diameter and Superior Ophthalmic Vein (SOV) diameter were 9.14 ± 0.56 mm, 3.5 mm ± 0.9 mm and 3.8 mm ± 1.79 mm respectively. While in the control group, the mean CS diameter, ICA diameter and SOV dimeter were 6.58 ± 0.54 mm, 4.6 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.1 mm ± 0.11 mm respectively. The differences in the CS size, ICA and SOV diameters was statistically significant. (p < 0.05). Cut off points of ≥ 10 mm for CS diameter, ≥ 2.9 mm for SOV dilation, and ≤ 4.2 mm for ICA flow void diameter were estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Various other qualitative parameters, like bulging lateral walls of the sinus, heterogenous signal intensity with filling defects on post contrast images, abnormal dural enhancement along the lateral wall of the sinus and orbital apex involvement were more frequently observed in the CST group, in comparison to the control group.
CONCLUSIONS
CEMRI plays an invaluable role not only in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis, but also in evaluating the extent of disease and its associated complications. The quantitative and qualitative parameters described here, provide more objectivity and accuracy in diagnosis of CST, thus, aiding prompt diagnosis and early treatment.
PubMed: 32154332
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejro.2020.100226 -
Maedica Jun 2022Foramen ovale is one of the most significant foramina of skull base and transmits mandibular nerve. Its detailed knowledge is crucial in treatment of trigeminal...
Foramen ovale is one of the most significant foramina of skull base and transmits mandibular nerve. Its detailed knowledge is crucial in treatment of trigeminal neuralgia and various diagnostic practices. Aim of the study was to provide anatomical data of foramen ovale regarding number, shape, diameters and its relation to nearby bony landmarks. The present study was ethically approved and 100 dry adult human skulls were included in the study to evaluate 200 foramina ovale. Non-metric parameters were observed and metric parameters were measured with Vernier calliper and goniometer. Different kinds of shapes were found in foramen ovale. Variant features in the form of bony spine, ridge, foramen or bar were identified. The means of anteroposterior and transverse diameter of foramen ovale were found to be 8.16 and 4.97 mm on the right side, and 7.68 and 4.74 mm on the left side. The mean distance of its anterior and posterior ends from the midsagittal plane were 22.69 and 28.92 mm on the right side, and 22.18 and 22.66 mm on the left side. Distance from the lateral border of foramen ovale to the posterior end of zygoma and midpoint of infratemporal crest was found to be 30.65 and 21.05 mm on the right, and 30.30 and 20.87 mm on the left side. The mean of angle of foramen ovale with midsagittal was 45.44º on the right side and 45.78º on the left side. Variations found in foramen ovale are key points to keep in mind while operating in this region. Measured metric parameters were found to a higher extent on the right side than the left one. The present study will be helpful for both further research and neurosurgeons operating in this region.
PubMed: 36032599
DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.357 -
Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic... Mar 2022Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for...
OBJECTIVES
Normal pulmonary artery (PA) diameter remains blurred and the definitions of PA aneurysm are heterogenous. We aimed to assess PA diameters, identify a threshold for normal diameters, define PA aneurysms, possible predictors of PA size and evaluate the correlation with mid-ascending aortic diameters.
METHODS
Between April 2018 and August 2019, 497 consecutive patients who underwent whole-body computed tomographic angiography were reviewed. Clinical and imaging data were collected from our institutional database. Precise three-dimensional centreline measurements were taken. Linear regression analysis was performed to detect parameters associated with PA diameter. A two-stage model was created to identify potential predictors and the resulting statistically significant interactions were tested. Data were grouped and PA, standard deviation, and upper normal limits were calculated.
RESULTS
Among 497 patients with an average age of 51.4 (20.2) (74.6% males), the mean PA diameter measured 32.0 (4.6) mm [female: 31.2 (4.7) mm vs male: 32.2 (4.5) mm; P = 0.032]. The mean PA length, left PA and right PA diameters were similar between male and female patients. We found a significant correlation (r = 0.352; P < 0.001) between the PAs and mid-ascending aortic diameters. Body surface area (P = 0.032, β = 4.52 [0.40; 8.64] 95% CI) was the only significant influencing variable for PA diameter.
CONCLUSIONS
The normal mean PA diameter in a reference cohort is 32.0 (4.6) mm. Body surface area is the only influencing variable of PA diameter. The normal diameters measured and corresponding upper limits of normal revealed that a PA aneurysm should not be considered below a threshold of 45 mm.
Topics: Angiography; Computed Tomography Angiography; Female; Humans; Lung; Male; Middle Aged; Pulmonary Artery; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34791257
DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivab308 -
Journal of Personalized Medicine May 2022To investigate the association between Aorta (Ao), pulmonary artery (PA) diameters and the PA/Ao ratio with right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) volumetric properties in...
To investigate the association between Aorta (Ao), pulmonary artery (PA) diameters and the PA/Ao ratio with right (RV) and left ventricle (LV) volumetric properties in subjects free of cardiovascular diseases. In the KORA-MRI study, 339 subjects (mean age 56.3 ± 9.1 years; 43.7% female) underwent whole-body 3T-MRI. Ao and PA were measured on DIXON sequences. Cvi42 quantified cardiac functional parameters from a SSFP sequence. The relationship between ascending (AAo), and descending aorta (DAo), as well as PA diameters, and RV and LV function were assessed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors. AAo and DAo diameter were associated with LV end-diastolic volume (β = 4.52, = 0.015; ß = 7.1, ≤ 0.001), LV end-systolic volume (β = 2.37, = 0.031; ß = 3.66, = 0.002), while DAo associated with RV end-diastolic volume (β = 6.45, = 0.006) and RV end-systolic volume (β = 3.9, = 0.011). PA diameter was associated with LV end-diastolic volume (β = 4.81, = 0.003). Interestingly, the PA/Ao ratio was only associated with RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume (β = 4.48, = 0.029; ß = 2.82, = 0.037). Furthermore, we found different relationships between men and women. Ao and PA diameter were associated with LV and RV volumetric parameters in subjects free of cardiovascular diseases suggesting that ventricular volumetric performance directly relates to vascular diameter properties.
PubMed: 35743674
DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060889 -
Turk Gogus Kalp Damar Cerrahisi Dergisi Jan 2020This study aims to define normal coronary artery diameters of males and females in a sample of Turkish population, compared to Asian-Indian and Western Caucasian...
BACKGROUND
This study aims to define normal coronary artery diameters of males and females in a sample of Turkish population, compared to Asian-Indian and Western Caucasian populations.
METHODS
Angiographic and demographic data of a total of 324 patients (147 males, 177 females; mean age 55.3±10.1 years; range, 32 to 82 years) who underwent elective coronary angiography with angiographically normal coronary arteries between July 2017 and March 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Proximal diameters of major epicardial coronary arteries were measured using the Axiom Artis software according to edge detection method. All the measurements were adjusted to the body surface area. Unadjusted and adjusted values were compared between genders and with the Asian-Indian and Caucasian population samples.
RESULTS
The mean diameters of unadjusted/adjusted left main coronary artery, proximal left anterior descending artery, proximal left circumflex artery, and proximal right coronary artery were 4.5±0.6 mm/2.4±0.4 mm/m, 3.7±0.5 mm/1.9±0.3 mm/m, 3.3±0.6 mm/1.7±0.3 mm/m, and 3.4±0.6 mm/1.8±0.4 mm/m, respectively. Adjusted left main coronary artery and proximal left circumflex artery were narrower, and unadjusted proximal left anterior descending artery and unadjusted/adjusted proximal right coronary artery were larger in men, compared to women in the Turkish population. Turkish population had similar body surface area and unadjusted/adjusted coronary diameters with Caucasians, whereas adjusted proximal left anterior descending artery was larger in the Turkish population than in Asian-Indians.
CONCLUSION
Our study findings on the Turkish population contradict the traditional belief that women have narrower coronary arteries then men. Furthermore, the Turkish population have comparable adjusted/unadjusted coronary diameters with the Western Caucasians, but larger adjusted/unadjusted proximal left anterior descending artery, compared to Asian-Indians. We believe that our findings may contribute to the global data pool of normal coronary diameters and can be utilized in future studies as a database.
PubMed: 32175150
DOI: 10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.18475