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Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Apr 2020Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract or pancreas are rare. Their presentation overlaps with other intra-abdominal neoplasms, but can have unique features.... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract or pancreas are rare. Their presentation overlaps with other intra-abdominal neoplasms, but can have unique features. The workup involves recognition of unusual clinical features associated with the tumors, imaging, analysis of blood or urine concentrations, and biopsy. Functional imaging takes advantage of the neuroendocrine tumor-specific expression of somatostatin receptors. There are characteristic features supporting the diagnosis on contrast-enhanced cross-sectional imaging. The use of tumor markers for biochemical diagnosis requires an understanding of the confounding variables affecting these assays. There are unique and specific immunohistochemical staining and grading requirements for appropriate diagnosis of these tumors.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Humans; Intestinal Neoplasms; Molecular Imaging; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 32151354
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.10.002 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2022Personalized medicine is emerging as a new goal in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This approach aims to establish differences between patients suffering from... (Review)
Review
Personalized medicine is emerging as a new goal in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. This approach aims to establish differences between patients suffering from the same disease, which allows to choose the most effective treatment. Molecular imaging (MI) enables advanced insight into molecule interactions and disease pathology, improving the process of diagnosis and therapy and, for that reason, plays a crucial role in personalized medicine. Nanoparticles are widely used in MI techniques due to their size, high surface area to volume ratio, and multifunctional properties. After conjugation to specific ligands and drugs, nanoparticles can transport therapeutic compounds directly to their area of action and therefore may be used in theranostics-the simultaneous implementation of treatment and diagnostics. This review summarizes different MI techniques, including optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and computed tomography imaging with theranostics nanoparticles. Furthermore, it explores the potential use of constructs that enables multimodal imaging and track diseases in real time.
Topics: Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Multimodal Imaging; Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology
PubMed: 35269797
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052658 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Dec 2019Our understanding on human neurodegenerative disease was previously limited to clinical data and inferences about the underlying pathology based on histopathological... (Review)
Review
Our understanding on human neurodegenerative disease was previously limited to clinical data and inferences about the underlying pathology based on histopathological examination. Animal models and in vitro experiments have provided evidence for a cell-autonomous and a non-cell-autonomous mechanism for the accumulation of neuropathology. Combining modern neuroimaging tools to identify distinct neural networks (connectomics) with target-specific positron emission tomography (PET) tracers is an emerging and vibrant field of research with the potential to examine the contributions of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms to the spread of pathology. The evidence provided here suggests that both cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous processes relate to the observed in vivo characteristics of protein pathology and neurodegeneration across the disease spectrum. We propose a synergistic model of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous accounts that integrates the most critical factors (i.e., protein strain, susceptible cell feature and connectome) contributing to the development of neuronal dysfunction and in turn produces the observed clinical phenotypes. We believe that a timely and longitudinal pursuit of such research programs will greatly advance our understanding of the complex mechanisms driving human neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Connectome; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 31292699
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04394-5 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2022Optical molecular imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) light is an emerging high-resolution imaging approach to image a wide range of molecular and cellular...
Optical molecular imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) light is an emerging high-resolution imaging approach to image a wide range of molecular and cellular species in vivo. Imaging using NIR wavelengths (650-900 nm) enables deeper photon penetration into tissue and reduced tissue autofluorescence, resulting in higher sensitivity to detect exogenously administered NIR fluorophores (injectable molecular imaging agents). Greater imaging depth of several centimeters is further achievable in the NIR window as blood absorption is as an order of magnitude lower than in the visible range. Furthermore, as optical imaging is routinely performed in the cardiac catheterization laboratory (e.g., optical coherence tomography), intravascular NIRF offers a promising translational approach for clinical coronary and peripheral arterial imaging. To this point, the first human intravascular NIRF imaging study recently demonstrated the ability to detect NIR autofluorescence in patients with coronary atherosclerosis. This study provides a foundation for targeted intravascular NIRF molecular imaging studies in coronary patients. In this chapter, we detail system engineering, imaging agents and translational applications of intravascular NIRF molecular imaging.
Topics: Atherosclerosis; Coronary Artery Disease; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Optical Imaging; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35238006
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_52 -
Biomaterials Science Jan 2021The use of gold nanoparticles as diagnostic tools is burgeoning, especially in the cancer community with a focus on theranostic applications to both cancer diagnosis and... (Review)
Review
The use of gold nanoparticles as diagnostic tools is burgeoning, especially in the cancer community with a focus on theranostic applications to both cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gold nanoparticles have also demonstrated great potential for use in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in ophthalmology. Although many ophthalmic imaging modalities are available, there is still a considerable unmet need, in particular for ophthalmic molecular imaging for the early detection of eye disease before morphological changes are more grossly visible. An understanding of how gold nanoparticles are leveraged in other fields could inform new ways they could be utilized in ophthalmology. In this paper, we review current ophthalmic imaging techniques and then identify optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) as the most promising technologies amenable to the use of gold nanoparticles for molecular imaging. Within this context, the development of gold nanoparticles as OCT and PAI contrast agents are reviewed, with the most recent developments described in detail.
Topics: Contrast Media; Gold; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms
PubMed: 33057463
DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01063d -
Journal of Lipid Research May 2020
Topics: Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Molecular Imaging; Periodicals as Topic
PubMed: 32132143
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.E120000736 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular System; Molecular Imaging; Heart; Mediastinum
PubMed: 33655449
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02534-9 -
Drug Discovery Today Aug 2022In addition to individual imaging techniques, the combination and integration of several imaging techniques, so-called multimodal imaging, can provide large amounts of... (Review)
Review
In addition to individual imaging techniques, the combination and integration of several imaging techniques, so-called multimodal imaging, can provide large amounts of anatomical, functional, and molecular information accelerating drug discovery and development processes. Imaging technologies aid in understanding the disease mechanism, finding new pharmacological targets, and assessment of new potential drug candidates and treatment response. Here, we describe how different imaging techniques can be used in different phases of drug discovery and development and highlight their strengths, related innovations, and future potential with a focus on the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics for imaging technologies.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Drug Discovery; Forecasting; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 35429672
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.009 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Nov 2022Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of... (Review)
Review
Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of oncologic resection quality, margin assessment, and occult disease detection during real-time surgery. Numerous tracers have now been developed for use in IMI-guided tissue sampling. Fluorochromes localize to the tumor by taking advantage of their disorganized capillary milieu, overexpressed receptors, or upregulated enzymes. Although fluorescent tracers can suffer from issues of autofluorescence and lack of depth penetration, these challenges are being addressed through hybrid radioactive/fluorescent tracers and new tracers that fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR-II [wavelength > 1,000 nm]) range. IMI is already being used to treat numerous cancers, with demonstrated improvement in cancer recurrence and patient outcomes without incurring significant burden on either clinicians or patients. In this comprehensive review, we discuss history, mechanism, current oncologic applications, and future directions of IMI-guided optical biopsy.
Topics: Humans; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Molecular Imaging; Fluorescent Dyes; Neoplasms; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 35953303
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263409 -
Nuclear Medicine and Biology 2022Biologicals, such as antibodies or antibody-fragments e.g. nanobodies, have changed the landscape of cancer therapy and can be used in combination with traditional... (Review)
Review
Biologicals, such as antibodies or antibody-fragments e.g. nanobodies, have changed the landscape of cancer therapy and can be used in combination with traditional cancer treatments. They have been demonstrated to be excellent vehicles for molecular imaging. Several biologicals for nuclear imaging of adult cancer may be used in combination with (nuclear) therapy. Though it's great potential, molecular imaging using biologicals is rarely applied in paediatric oncology. This paper describes the current status of biologicals as radiopharmaceuticals for childhood cancer. Furthermore, the importance and potential for developing additional biological theranostics as opportunity to image and treat childhood cancer is discussed.
Topics: Child; Humans; Precision Medicine; Medical Oncology; Radiopharmaceuticals; Neoplasms; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 36126433
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2022.09.001