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International Dental Journal Aug 2023This review discusses the effects of ginseng and its extracts in the treatment of dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic diseases, oral cancers, oral mucosal... (Review)
Review
This review discusses the effects of ginseng and its extracts in the treatment of dental caries, periodontal diseases, endodontic diseases, oral cancers, oral mucosal diseases, and some other dental associations. In the meantime, bioavailability and safety application of ginseng products are discussed. All of the articles reviewed were from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodicals Full-Text Database through November 2022, including full-text English or non-English publications. Ginseng and its extracts were shown to have beneficial effects on oral diseases, and further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms and confirm the effects in humans.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Panax; Periodontal Diseases; China
PubMed: 37088662
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.02.004 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA...
This study aims to establish a rapid identification method based on the Proofman-LMTIA technique for distinguishing between and . By targeting specific 18S rDNA sequences, suitable primers and Proofman probes labeled FAM or JOE were designed for LMTIA. Initially, single-species-primer Proofman-LMTIA assays were performed separately for each ginseng type to optimize reaction temperature, assess sensitivity and specificity, and determine the detection limit. Subsequently, both sets of primers and their corresponding probes were combined in the same reaction system to further optimize reaction conditions, evaluate sensitivity, and assess stability. Finally, the developed Proofman-duplex-LMTIA technique was employed to detect and slices available in the market. Single-plex Proofman-LMTIA assays revealed that the optimal reaction temperature for both and was 62 °C. The sensitivity was as low as 1 pg/μL, with a detection limit of 0.1%, and both showed excellent specificity. The optimal temperature for Proofman-duplex-LMTIA assays was 58 °C. This method could simultaneously identify and . Testing 6 samples of and 11 samples of from the market resulted in a 100% positive rate for all samples. This study successfully established a rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific Proofman-duplex-LMTIA identification method for and . It provides an effective means for quality control of , , and related products.
Topics: Panax; Temperature; Quality Control
PubMed: 37836715
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196872 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2023Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated...
BACKGROUND
Ginseng polysaccharide (GP) is one of the most abundant components in Panax ginseng. However, the absorption pathways and mechanisms of GPs have not been investigated systematically due to the challenges of their detection.
METHODS
The fluorescein isothiocyanate derivative (FITC) was employed to label GP and ginseng acidic polysaccharide (GAP) to obtain target samples. HPLC-MS/MS assay was used to determine the pharmacokinetics of GP and GAP in rats. The Caco-2 cell model was used to investigate the uptake and transport mechanisms of GP and GAP in rats.
RESULTS
Our results demonstrated that the absorption of GAP was more than that of GP in rats after gavage administration, while there was no significant difference between both after intravenous administration. In addition, we found that GAP and GP were more distributed in the kidney, liver and genitalia, suggesting that GAP and GP are highly targeted to the liver, kidney and genitalia. Importantly, we explored the uptake mechanism of GAP and GP. GAP and GP are endocytosed into the cell via lattice proteins or niche proteins. Both are transported lysosomally mediated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and then enter the nucleus through the ER, thus completing the process of intracellular uptake and transportation.
CONCLUSION
Our results confirm that the uptake of GPs by small intestinal epithelial cells is primarily mediated via lattice proteins and the cytosolic cellar. The discovery of important pharmacokinetic properties and the uncovering of the absorption mechanism provide a research rationale for the research of GP formulation and clinical promotion.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Panax; Caco-2 Cells; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 36989718
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114610 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2019As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of... (Review)
Review
As our global population ages, the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is critical to our society. In recent years, researchers have begun to study the role of biologically active chemicals from plants and herbs to gain new inspiration and develop new therapeutic drugs. Ginseng ( C.A. Mey.) is a famous Chinese herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological activities. It has been used to treat various diseases since ancient times. Extensive research over the years has shown that ginseng has potential as a neuroprotective drug, and its neuroprotective effects can be used to treat and prevent neurological damage or pathologically related diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, depression symptoms, and strokes). Moreover, evidence for the medicinal and health benefits of ginsenoside, its main active ingredient, in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases is increasing, and current clinical results have not reported any serious adverse reactions to ginseng. Therefore, we briefly review the recent research and development on the beneficial effects and mechanisms of ginseng and its main active ingredient, ginsenoside, in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, hoping to provide some ideas for the discovery and identification of ginseng neuroprotection.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Studies as Topic; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Ginsenosides; Humans; Molecular Structure; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Panax; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31416121
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24162939 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2022In order to ensure the timely and uninterrupted supply of medicinal plant raw materials, the methods of cultivation of plant cell cultures, namely, the production of...
In order to ensure the timely and uninterrupted supply of medicinal plant raw materials, the methods of cultivation of plant cell cultures, namely, the production of plant root cultures, are relevant. In this paper, the geroprotective potential of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey root cultures is studied. They were cultured under in vitro conditions by transforming the rhizome (H. neglectum) and seed seedlings (P. ginseng) with Agrobacterium rhizogenes 15834 Swiss. To identify the geroprotective potential, the antimicrobial disc-diffusion method and the antioxidant activity were analyzed by titration of KMnO4 extracts of plant root cultures. The qualitative and quantitative composition was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. In the course of the work, the presence of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of plant root culture extracts was established. Biologically active substances contained in extracts of Hedysarum neglectum Ledeb root crops and Panax ginseng C. A. Mey are characterized by geroprotective potential, so they can act as a source of natural antioxidants in the functional nutrition of the geroprotective orientation.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots
PubMed: 35293535
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.256944 -
Biomolecules Apr 2020Both white ginseng (WG, dried root of sp.) and red ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of sp.) are reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects such as... (Review)
Review
Both white ginseng (WG, dried root of sp.) and red ginseng (RG, steamed and dried root of sp.) are reported to exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective activities. These ginsengs contain hydrophilic sugar-conjugated ginsenosides and polysaccharides as the bioactive constituents. When taken orally, their hydrophilic constituents are metabolized into hydrophobic ginsenosides compound K, Rh1, and Rh2 that are absorbable into the blood. These metabolites exhibit the pharmacological effects more strongly than hydrophilic parental constituents. To enforce these metabolites, fermented WG and RG are developed. Moreover, natural products including ginseng are frequently used for the treatment of allergic disorders. Therefore, this review introduces the current knowledge related to the effectiveness of ginseng on allergic disorders including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and pruritus. We discuss how ginseng, its constituents, and its metabolites regulate allergy-related immune responses. We also describe how ginseng controls allergic disorders.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Allergic Agents; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ginsenosides; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Panax
PubMed: 32326081
DOI: 10.3390/biom10040634 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Feb 2023Respiratory diseases mainly include asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. Given... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Respiratory diseases mainly include asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary hypertension, lung fibrosis, and lung cancer. Given their high prevalence and poor prognosis, the prevention and treatment of respiratory diseases are increasingly essential. In particular, the development for the novel strategies of drug treatment has been a hot topic in the research field. Ginsenosides are the major component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), a food homology and well-known medicinal herb. In this review, we summarize the current therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms of ginsenosides in respiratory diseases.
METHODS
The reviewed studies were retrieved via a thorough analysis of numerous articles using electronic search tools including Sci-Finder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science. The following keywords were used for the online search: ginsenosides, asthma, influenza, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH), lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and clinical trials. We summarized the findings and the conclusions from 176 manuscripts on ginsenosides, including research articles and reviews.
RESULTS
Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, and CK, which are the most commonly reported ginsenosides for treating of respiratory diseases, and other ginsenosides such as Rh1, Rk1, Rg5, Rd and Re, all primarily reduce pneumonia, fibrosis, and inhibit tumor progression by targeting NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and JNK pathways, thereby ameliorating respiratory diseases.
CONCLUSION
This review provides novel ideas and important aspects for the future research of ginsenosides for treating respiratory diseases.
Topics: Humans; Ginsenosides; Pulmonary Fibrosis; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Influenza, Human; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Asthma; Lung Neoplasms; Panax
PubMed: 36502752
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114096 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2019Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus in the family that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese... (Review)
Review
Ginseng is a group of cosmopolitan plants with more than a dozen species belonging to the genus in the family that has a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Among the bioactive constituents extracted from ginseng, ginseng saponins are a group of natural steroid glycosides and triterpene saponins found exclusively throughout the plant. Studies have shown that these ginseng saponins play a significant role in exerting multiple therapeutic effects. This review covers their chemical structure and classification, as well as their pharmacological activities, including their regulatory effects on immunomodulation, their anticancer effects, and their functions in the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The general benefits of ginseng saponins for boosting physical vitality and improving quality of life are also discussed. The review concludes with fruitful directions for future research in the use of ginseng saponins as effective therapeutic agents.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Carbohydrates; Central Nervous System; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Molecular Structure; Panax; Plant Extracts; Saponins; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 31277214
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132443 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2023is the dried rhizome of C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from (SPJ) exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects.
CONTEXT
is the dried rhizome of C.A. Mey. (Araliaceae). Saponins from (SPJ) exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-aging effects.
OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the neuroprotective effects of SPJ on aging rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sprague-Dawley rats (18-months-old) were randomly divided into aging and SPJ groups ( = 8). Five-month-old rats were taken as the adult control ( = 8). The rats were fed a normal chow diet or the SPJ-containing diet (10 or 30 mg/kg) for 4 months. An model was established by d-galactose (d-Gal) in the SH-SY5Y cell line and pretreated with SPJ (25 and 50 µg/mL). The neuroprotection of SPJ was evaluated via Nissl staining, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting and .
RESULTS
SPJ improved the neuronal degeneration and mitochondrial morphology that are associated with aging. Meanwhile, SPJ up-regulated the protein levels of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) and down-regulated the protein level of dynamin-like protein 1 (Drp1) in the hippocampus of aging rats ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 vs. 22 M). The studies also demonstrated that SPJ attenuated d-Gal-induced cell senescence concomitant with the improvement in mitochondrial function; SPJ, also up-regulated the Mfn2 and Opa1 protein levels, whereas the Drp1 protein level ( < 0.05 or < 0.01 vs. d-Gal group) was down-regulated.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Further research on the elderly population will contribute to the development and utilization of SPJ for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Rats; Animals; Panax; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Neuroblastoma; Aging; Galactose; Mitochondria
PubMed: 37667488
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2244532 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2020Ginseng ( Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in Asia. Its pharmacological activity comes from ginsenosides, and its roots are produced commercially for... (Review)
Review
Ginseng ( Meyer) is one of the most important medicinal herbs in Asia. Its pharmacological activity comes from ginsenosides, and its roots are produced commercially for traditional and Oriental medicine. Though 17 species are available around the world, there was a need to develop cultivars adapted to different climatic conditions and resistant to various diseases while still producing high-quality, high-yield roots. Thus, 12 and 9 commercial cultivars have been registered in South Korea and China, respectively. Those varieties show superiority to local landraces. For example, Chunpoong is more highly resistant to rusty rot disease than the local Jakyungjong landrace and has a good root shape; it is highly cultivated to produce red ginseng. The Chinese cultivar Jilin Huangguo Renshen has higher ginsenoside content than its local landraces. This review provides information about cultivars and offers directions for future research, such as intra- and interspecific hybridization.
Topics: China; Crops, Agricultural; Ginsenosides; Panax; Republic of Korea; Species Specificity
PubMed: 32517049
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112635