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Nutrients May 2023Ginseng is one of the traditional herbal medicines for tonic. Gintonin is a new material derived from white/red ginseng and its lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) play as a...
Ginseng is one of the traditional herbal medicines for tonic. Gintonin is a new material derived from white/red ginseng and its lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) play as a ligand for G protein-coupled LPA receptors. Korean red ginseng marc (KRGM) is a by-product after the KRG processes. We developed a low-cost/high-efficiency method for KRGM gintonin production. We further studied the KRGM gintonin-mediated anti-skin aging effects under UVB exposure using human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). KRGM gintonin yield is about 8%. KRGM gintonin contains a high amount of LPA C, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and phosphatidylcholine (PC), which is similar to white ginseng gintonin. KRGM gintonin induced [Ca] transient via LPA1/3 receptors and increased cell viability/proliferation under UVB exposure. The underlying mechanisms of these results are associated with the antioxidant action of KRGM gintonin. KRGM gintonin attenuated UVB-induced cell senescence by inhibiting cellular β-galactosidase overexpression and facilitated wound healing. These results indicate that KRGM can be a novel bioresource of KRGM gintonin, which can be industrially utilized as new material for skin nutrition and/or skin healthcare.
Topics: Humans; Plant Extracts; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Panax; Nutrients
PubMed: 37299538
DOI: 10.3390/nu15112574 -
Molecular Biology Reports Jul 2022Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment... (Review)
Review
Ginsenosides belong to a group of steroid glycosides that are extracted from the plant genus Panax (ginseng). This plant has been used for a long time for the treatment of a variety of disorders in traditional medicine. Recent studies have assessed the biological impact of Ginsenosides in cell culture or animal models. Animal studies have shown their beneficial impacts in the remedy of pathological conditions in different tissues. The ameliorating effects of Ginsenosides in diverse pathogenic conditions can be attributed to their effects on the production of reactive oxygen species. These substances mainly affect the activity of AMPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT pathways. The beneficial effects of Ginsenosides have been appraised in diabetes-related complications, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, myocardial ischemia, and other disorders which are associated with oxidative stress. Moreover, these substances have been shown to interfere with the pathologic conditions during carcinogenesis. In the current study, we explain these impacts in two distinct sections including non-neoplastic conditions and neoplastic conditions.
Topics: Animals; Ginsenosides; Panax; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35220526
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07270-y -
Journal of Natural Products Apr 2020and are members of the plant family Araliaceae, which is rich in structurally diverse polyacetylenes. In this work, we isolated and determined structures of 23...
and are members of the plant family Araliaceae, which is rich in structurally diverse polyacetylenes. In this work, we isolated and determined structures of 23 aliphatic C and C polyacetylenes, of which five are new compounds. Polyacetylenes have a suitable scaffold for binding to PPARγ, a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in metabolic regulation. Using a reporter gene assay, their potential was investigated to activate PPARγ. The majority of the polyacetylenes showed at least some PPARγ activity, among which oplopantriol B 18-acetate () and oplopantriol B () were the most potent partial PPARγ activators. By employing in silico molecular docking and comparing the activities of structural analogues, features are described that are involved in PPARγ activation, as well as in cytotoxicity. It was found that the type of C-1 to C-2 bond, the polarity of the terminal alkyl chain, and the backbone flexibility can impact bioactivity of polyacetylenes, while diol structures with a C-1 to C-2 double bond showed enhanced cytotoxicity. Since PPARγ activators have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties, the present results may help explain some of the beneficial effects observed in the traditional use of extracts. Additionally, they might guide the polyacetylene-based design of future PPARγ partial agonists.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Models, Molecular; Molecular Docking Simulation; Molecular Structure; Oplopanax; PPAR gamma; Panax; Plant Extracts; Plant Roots; Polyynes; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 32129622
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00691 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Jun 2021Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization.... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an autoimmune disease mediated by immune disorder and termed as one of the most refractory diseases by the Word Health Organization. Its morbidity has increased steadily over the past half century worldwide. Environmental, genetic, infectious, and immune factors are integral to the pathogenesis of IBD. Commonly known as the king of herbs, ginseng has been consumed in many countries for the past 2000 years. Its active ingredient ginsenosides, as the most prominent saponins of ginseng, have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Recent studies have confirmed that the active components of Panax ginseng have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects on IBD, including regulating the balance of immune cells, inhibiting the expression of cytokines, as well as activating Toll-like receptor 4, Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLRP), mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and so on. Accumulated evidence indicates that ginsenosides may serve as a potential novel therapeutic drug or health product additive in IBD prevention and treatment in the future.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cytokines; Ginsenosides; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Panax
PubMed: 33462754
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00213-z -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022flowers have the highest content of saponins compared to the other parts of , but minor ginsenosides have higher pharmacological activity than the main natural...
flowers have the highest content of saponins compared to the other parts of , but minor ginsenosides have higher pharmacological activity than the main natural ginsenosides. Therefore, this study focused on the transformation of the main ginsenosides in flowers to minor ginsenosides using the fungus of isolated from soil. The main ginsenosides Rb, Rb, Rb, and Rc and the notoginsenoside Fa in flowers were transformed into the ginsenosides F and Rd, the notoginsenosides Fd and Fe, and the ginsenoside R; the conversion rates were 100, 100, 100, 88.5, and 100%, respectively. The transformation products were studied by TLC, HPLC, and MS analyses, and the biotransformation pathways of the major ginsenosides were proposed. In addition, the purified enzyme of the fungus was prepared with the molecular weight of 66.4 kDa. The transformation of the monomer ginsenosides by the crude enzyme is consistent with that by the fungus. Additionally, three saponins were isolated from the transformation products and identified as the ginsenoside Rd and the notoginsenosides Fe and Fd by NMR and MS analyses. This study provided a unique and powerful microbial strain for efficiently transformating major ginsenosides in flowers to minor ginsenosides, which will help raise the functional and economic value of the flower.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Cladosporium; Flowers; Ginsenosides; Panax; Panax notoginseng; Saponins; Soil
PubMed: 36235151
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196615 -
Bioengineered Dec 2021The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The present study was focused on comparison of four typical fungicides in ginseng field to evaluate the impact of the different fungicides on the soil bacterial and fungal communities' composition and diversity by using high-throughput sequencing. Five treatments were designed comprising carbendazim (D), dimethyl disulfide (E), dazomet (M), calcium cyanamide (S), and control (C). The application of fungicide obviously altered the distribution of dominant fungal and bacterial communities and remarkably decreased the diversity (1099-763 and 6457-2245). The most abundant obviously degenerate in fungicide-treated soil and minimum in E (0.09%) compared to control (25.72%). The relative abundance of was reduced from 27.76 (C) to 7.14% after applying fungicide and minimum in E. The phylum are both decomposers of organic matter and enemies of soil-borne pathogens, elevated from 11.62 to 51.54% and are high in E. The fungi community mainly distributed into that enriched from 66.09 to 88.21% and highin M and E (88.21 and 85.10%), and reduced from 21.13 to 3.23% and low in M and E (5.27 and 3.23%). Overall, environmentally related fungicides decreased the diversity and altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities, highest sensitivity present in dimethyl disulfide-treated soil.
Topics: Bacteria; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates; Crops, Agricultural; Cyanamide; Disulfides; Fungi; Fungicides, Industrial; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Panax; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; Thiadiazines
PubMed: 34595989
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1982277 -
Experimental Gerontology Oct 2023Heart disease is a significant health concern for elderly individuals, with heart aging being the primary cause. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can play a...
Heart disease is a significant health concern for elderly individuals, with heart aging being the primary cause. Recent studies have shown that autophagy can play a protective role in preventing cardiac aging. Our previous research confirmed that Chikusetsu saponin IVa, a fundamental component of Saponins of Panax japonics (SPJ), can enhance basic autophagy levels in cardiomyocyte of isoproterenol induced cardiac fibrosis mice. However, it remains unclear whether SPJ possesses a protective effect on cardiac dysfunction during the natural aging process. Rats were randomly divided into four groups: adult control group (6 months old), aging group (24 months old), aging group treated with 10 mg/kg SPJ, and aging group treated with 30 mg/kg SPJ. The heart function, blood pressure, and heart mass index (HMI) were measured. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA) staining were used to observe the changes in morphology, while Masson staining was used to examine collagen deposition in the rat hearts and CD45 immunohistochemistry was conducted to examine the macrophage infiltration in heart tissues. TUNEL kit was used to detect apoptosis level of cardiomyocyte, and western blot was used to evaluate autophagy-related proteins as well as AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway-related markers. SPJ treatment improved the cardiac function, reduced HMI, attenuated myocardial fiber disorder, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, and decreased collagen deposition and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in aging rats. Additionally, SPJ treatment decreased the expression of aging-related proteins and restored the expression of autophagy-related markers. SPJ activated autophagy through the activation of AMPK, which in turn increased the phosphorylation of ULK1(Ser555), while inhibited the phosphorylation of mTOR and ULK1(Ser757). Our study demonstrates that SPJ improves the cardiac function of aging rats by enhancing basal autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. These results offer a theoretical foundation and empirical evidence to support the clinical advancement of SPJ in enhancing age-related cardiac dysfunction.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Mice; Animals; Aged; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Panax; Myocytes, Cardiac; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; Aging; Cardiomyopathies; Saponins; Autophagy; Collagen; Autophagy-Related Protein-1 Homolog; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
PubMed: 37797916
DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112305 -
BMC Microbiology Jan 2022The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes,... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
The resources of wild ginseng have been reducing sharply, and it is mainly dependent on artificial cultivation in China, Korea and Japan. Based on cultivation modes, cultivated ginseng include understory wild ginseng (the seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng were planted under the theropencedrymion without human intervention) and farmland cultivated ginseng (grown in farmland with human intervention). Cultivated ginseng, can only be planted on the same plot of land consecutively for several years owing to soilborne diseases, which is mainly because of the variation in the soil microbial community. In contrast, wild ginseng can grow for hundreds of years. However, the knowledge of rhizosphere microbe communities of the wild ginseng is limited.
RESULT
In the present study, the microbial communities in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16 S rRNA for bacteria and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region for fungi. In total, 4,381 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 2,679 fungal OTUs were identified in rhizosphere soils of the three types of ginseng. Among them, the shared bacterial OTUs was more than fungal OTUs by the three types of ginseng, revealing fungal communities were to be more affected than bacterial communities. In addition, the composition of rhizosphere microbial communities and bacterial diversity were similar between understory wild ginseng and wild ginseng. However, higher bacterial diversity and lower fungal diversity were found in rhizosphere soils of wild ginseng compared with farmland cultivated ginseng. Furthermore, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Fusarium and Alternaria were higher in farmland cultivated ginseng compared to wild ginseng and understory wild ginseng.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities were significantly different in three types of ginseng. This study extended the knowledge pedigree of the microbial diversity populating rhizospheres, and provided insights into resolving the limiting bottleneck on the sustainable development of P. ginseng crops, and even the other crops of Panax.
Topics: Bacteria; Crops, Agricultural; Fungi; Microbiota; Panax; Rhizosphere; Soil; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 34979908
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02421-w -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2023C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a tonic herb used in ancient Asia.
CONTEXT
C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) is a tonic herb used in ancient Asia.
OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the antifatigue effect of on chronic fatigue rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model and EEP (ethanol extraction of roots) (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) groups ( = 8). The rats were subcutaneously handled with loaded swimming once daily for 26 days, except for the control group. The animals were intragastrically treated with EEP from the 15th day. On day 30, serum, liver and muscles were collected, and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway was evaluated.
RESULTS
The swimming times to exhaust of the rats with EEP were significantly longer than that without it. EEP spared the amount of muscle glycogen, hepatic glycogen and blood sugar under the chronic state. In addition, EEP significantly ( < 0.05) decreased serum triglycerides (1.24 ± 0.17, 1.29 ± 0.04 and 1.20 ± 0.21 vs. 1.58 ± 0.13 mmol/L) and total cholesterol (1.64 ± 0.36, 1.70 ± 0.15 and 1.41 ± 0.19 vs. 2.22 ± 0.19 mmol/L) compared to the model group. Regarding the regulation of energy, EEP had a positive impact on promoting ATPase activities and relative protein expression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggested that EEP effectively relieved chronic fatigue, providing evidence that could be a potential dietary supplement to accelerate recovery from fatigue.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Plant Extracts; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Panax; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 36695132
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2169719 -
BMC Genomics Dec 2019The sensitivity of plants to ammonia is a worldwide problem that limits crop production. Excessive use of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source results in morphological...
BACKGROUND
The sensitivity of plants to ammonia is a worldwide problem that limits crop production. Excessive use of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source results in morphological and physiological disorders, and retarded plant growth.
RESULTS
In this study we found that the root growth of Panax notoginseng was inhibited when only adding ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, but the supplement of nitrate fertilizer recovered the integrity, activity and growth of root. Twelve RNA-seq profiles in four sample groups were produced and analyzed to identify deregulated genes in samples with different treatments. In comparisons to NH[Formula: see text] treated samples, ACLA-3 gene is up-regulated in samples treated with NO[Formula: see text] and with both NH[Formula: see text] and NO[Formula: see text], which is further validated by qRT-PCR in another set of samples. Subsequently, we show that the some key metabolites in the TCA cycle are also significantly enhanced when introducing NO[Formula: see text]. These potentially enhance the integrity and recover the growth of Panax notoginseng roots.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the activated TCA cycle, as demonstrated by up-regulation of ACLA-3 and several key metabolites in this cycle, contributes to the increased Panax notoginseng root yield when applying both ammonium and nitrate fertilizer.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Fertilizers; Nitrates; Panax notoginseng; Plant Roots; RNA-Seq; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31874632
DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6340-7