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Drug, Healthcare and Patient Safety 2022Drug hypersensitivity is an inflammatory or immune reaction induced by drugs. It can be fatal if not appropriately treated and cause the risk of long-term complications.... (Review)
Review
Drug hypersensitivity is an inflammatory or immune reaction induced by drugs. It can be fatal if not appropriately treated and cause the risk of long-term complications. Sulfonamides are classified as antimicrobial drugs with a broad spectrum effective for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This antibacterial agent works by competitively inhibiting folic acid synthesis, which prevents the growth and proliferation of microorganisms. In its use as antibiotics, sulfonamides can also cause adverse reactions in specific individuals. It has been widely reported that sulfonamide antimicrobials cause hypersensitivity reactions mediated by IgE or T cells. This review identifies symptoms or signs that can appear, as well as genes associated with sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions, as sulfonamide may cause hypersensitivity in the form of uveitis, skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), parotitis, angioedema, drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), and pruritus. In addition, several genes were found to be associated with sulfonamide hypersensitivity, including HLA-A29, HLA-B12, HLA-DR7, HLA-B44, and HLA A*11:01.
PubMed: 35903308
DOI: 10.2147/DHPS.S347522 -
The Laryngoscope Feb 2022First, establishment and validation of a novel questionnaire documenting the burden of xerostomia and sialadenitis symptoms, including quality of life. Second, to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
First, establishment and validation of a novel questionnaire documenting the burden of xerostomia and sialadenitis symptoms, including quality of life. Second, to compare two versions regarding the answering scale (proposed developed answers Q3 vs. 0-10 visual analogue scale Q10) of our newly developed questionnaire, in order to evaluate their comprehension by patients and their reproducibility in time.
STUDY DESIGN
The study is a systematic review regarding the evaluation of the existing questionnaire and a cohort study regarding the validation of our new MSGS questionnaire.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society (MSGS) questionnaire consisting of 20 questions and two scoring systems was developed to quantify symptoms of dry mouth and sialadenitis. Validation of the questionnaire was carried out on 199 patients with salivary pathologies (digestive, nasal, or age-related xerostomia, post radiation therapy, post radioiodine therapy, Sjögren's syndrome, IgG4 disease, recurrent juvenile parotitis, stones, and strictures) and a control group of 66 healthy volunteers. The coherence of the questionnaire's items, its reliability to distinguish patients from healthy volunteers, its comparison with unstimulated sialometry, and the time to fill both versions were assessed.
RESULTS
The novel MSGS questionnaire showed good internal coherence of the items, indicating its pertinence: the scale reliability coefficients amounted to a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 for Q10 and 0.90 for Q3. The time to complete Q3 and Q10 amounted, respectively, to 5.23 min (±2.3 min) and 5.65 min (±2.64 min) for patients and to 3.94 min (±3.94 min) and 3.75 min (±2.11 min) for healthy volunteers. The difference between Q3 and Q10 was not significant.
CONCLUSION
We present a novel self-administered questionnaire quantifying xerostomia and non-tumoral salivary gland pathologies. We recommend the use of the Q10 version, as its scale type is well known in the literature and it translation for international use will be more accurate. Laryngoscope, 132:322-331, 2022.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Humans; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Salivary Gland Diseases; Societies, Medical; Surveys and Questionnaires; Visual Analog Scale; Xerostomia
PubMed: 34236085
DOI: 10.1002/lary.29731 -
Cureus Nov 2022We describe a case of parotitis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a young male infant. His presenting symptom at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19...
We describe a case of parotitis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a young male infant. His presenting symptom at the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 was unilateral facial swelling. He then developed upper respiratory infection symptoms and proceeded to recover over a period of about a month. Testing for other causes of parotitis was unrevealing. Other cases of COVID-19-associated parotitis have been presented in the literature, but this case is by far the youngest child noted, and is a useful reminder to pediatricians and general practitioners to consider COVID-19 as a cause of parotitis. Additionally, it sheds light on possible transmission and pathophysiology of COVID-19 in the salivary glands, as several other authors have noted.
PubMed: 36475193
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.31054 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2022The COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system; however, a variety of atypical manifestations of this disease have been also reported. Herein, we report a case of a...
The COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system; however, a variety of atypical manifestations of this disease have been also reported. Herein, we report a case of a man in his late 50s with severe COVID-19 presenting with parotitis and sublingual gland sialadenitis. Six days after admission, swelling in the bilateral preauricular and lower jaw areas developed. CT demonstrated parotid and sublingual gland enlargement with surrounding fat stranding, indicating sialadenitis. This case suggests that, in the present COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 should be included in the differential diagnosis of sialadenitis and prompt isolation should be considered to reduce the spread of infection.
Topics: Male; Humans; Parotitis; Pandemics; Sublingual Gland; COVID-19; Sialadenitis; Parotid Gland; Submandibular Gland
PubMed: 36535731
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-251730 -
IDCases 2020Botulism is an acute toxin-mediated neuroparalytic syndrome caused by some species. It typically presents itself as an acute symmetric descending paralysis of cranial...
Botulism is an acute toxin-mediated neuroparalytic syndrome caused by some species. It typically presents itself as an acute symmetric descending paralysis of cranial and peripheral nerves, which can potentially evolve to respiratory failure and death. We report a case of botulism diagnosed in a patient presenting with a parotitis probably due to xerostomia, even though he had already sought medical assistance for blurred vision and dysphagia. The neurological symptoms resolved without administration of antitoxin and botulism diagnosis was confirmed with identification of both toxins B and F in patient's serum. We aim to illustrate the need for a high clinical suspicion for the diagnosis of botulism and to report an atypical case of botulism with the production of toxins B and F, the latter being of rare occurrence.
PubMed: 32509528
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00839 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2023As SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) that evade immunity continue to emerge, next-generation adaptable COVID-19 vaccines which protect the respiratory tract and...
As SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs) that evade immunity continue to emerge, next-generation adaptable COVID-19 vaccines which protect the respiratory tract and provide broader, more effective, and durable protection are urgently needed. Here, we have developed one such approach, a highly efficacious, intranasally delivered, trivalent measles-mumps-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MMS) vaccine candidate that induces robust systemic and mucosal immunity with broad protection. This vaccine candidate is based on three components of the MMR vaccine, a measles virus Edmonston and the two mumps virus strains [Jeryl Lynn 1 (JL1) and JL2] that are known to provide safe, effective, and long-lasting protective immunity. The six proline-stabilized prefusion S protein (preS-6P) genes for ancestral SARS-CoV-2 WA1 and two important SARS-CoV-2 VoCs (Delta and Omicron BA.1) were each inserted into one of these three viruses which were then combined into a trivalent "MMS" candidate vaccine. Intranasal immunization of MMS in IFNAR1 mice induced a strong SARS-CoV-2-specific serum IgG response, cross-variant neutralizing antibodies, mucosal IgA, and systemic and tissue-resident T cells. Immunization of golden Syrian hamsters with MMS vaccine induced similarly high levels of antibodies that efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2 VoCs and provided broad and complete protection against challenge with any of these VoCs. This MMS vaccine is an efficacious, broadly protective next-generation COVID-19 vaccine candidate, which is readily adaptable to new variants, built on a platform with a 50-y safety record that also protects against measles and mumps.
Topics: Cricetinae; Animals; Humans; Mice; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Vaccines; Mumps; COVID-19; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Antibodies, Viral; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; Immunoglobulin G; Measles; Mesocricetus; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 37796985
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220403120 -
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Jun 2023Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized... (Review)
Review
Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) are contagious infectious diseases that can be prevented by immunization. However, MMR infections can occur in previously immunized individuals. The vaccine response is, among other factors, influenced by the combined effects of many genes. This systematic review investigates the genetic influence on measles, mumps and rubella antibody responses after childhood vaccination. In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), systematic literature searches were conducted in the medical databases PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Search strings were adjusted for each database. Citations were included if they measured and compared the immune response with immunogenetics after vaccination with a vaccine containing one or more of the following components: measles, mumps and/or rubella, MMR. The measure of vaccine response studied was antibodies after vaccination. Forty-eight articles were included in the final analysis. The results suggest that genetic determinants, including host genes, and single nucleotide polymorphisms in immune-related genes influence the MMR antibody responses after vaccination. Specifically, replicated associations were found between HLA, CD46, RARB, IRF9, EIF2AK2, cytokine genes and MMR vaccine-induced humoral immune responses. This knowledge can be useful in understanding and predicting immune responses and may have implications for future vaccine strategies.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Infant; Mumps; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Rubella; Measles; Antibodies, Viral
PubMed: 38157324
DOI: 10.1111/sji.13266 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Jun 2021The following is a case report of a 17-day-old female baby, born at 35 weeks' gestation, weighing 2.6 kg. She was brought to us with reluctance to feed, swelling over...
The following is a case report of a 17-day-old female baby, born at 35 weeks' gestation, weighing 2.6 kg. She was brought to us with reluctance to feed, swelling over the left side of her face and a fever documented at 102oF, along with an erythematous, tender, localised swelling over the left pre-auricular region that measured 2 x 1.5 cm in size. Diagnostic workup and ultrasound findings were consistent with parotitis; however, her blood culture was negative. The patient was managed on antibiotics but subsequently, developed a nosocomial infection while she was admitted in the hospital, which prolonged her hospital stay to a total of 16 days. Nevertheless, she had complete resolution of the signs and symptoms on her follow-up visit. Acute parotitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a neonate presenting with facial swelling, reluctance to feed or incessant crying. Timely and appropriate management can result in good recovery and minimising the potential for complications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Parotitis
PubMed: 34111097
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.04-550 -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Apr 2021We analysed clinical factors that are predictive of a diagnosis of parotid abscess among patients with bacterial parotitis.
BACKGROUND
We analysed clinical factors that are predictive of a diagnosis of parotid abscess among patients with bacterial parotitis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This retrospective study included 64 hospitalised patients who were diagnosed with parotid abscess, or bacterial parotitis. Data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and clinical management were collected. Predictive factors for parotid abscess were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analysis.
RESULTS
There were 25 patients with parotid abscess and 39 with bacterial parotitis. All patients presented with moderate-to-severe disease, required parenteral antibiotics, or had indicators for surgical drainage. Patient profiles and immune status were not significantly associated with parotid abscess. However, parameters that were significantly related to parotid abscess were subacute presentation (approximate 10.4 days) (p value = 0.016), fluctuation (p value < 0.001), and normal (haemoglobin) Hb level >12-13 g/dL (p value = 0.035). Imaging indicated the abscess location, extension and evaluated the complications. Surgical drainage with small skin incision and antibiotic coverage for possible pathogens, in particular spp. and spp. produced favourable patient outcomes. Complication was identified in 3 cases with included septicaemia and cellulitis of the face and parapharyngeal space.
CONCLUSIONS
Among bacterial parotitis patients, parotid abscess should be considered in whom presented with subacute duration of symptoms, enlarged glands with fluctuation, and non-anaemic problem. Instead of standard skin incision of parotidectomy, small vertical skin incision over a well localised abscess pocket or fluctuated area achieved the good results.
PubMed: 33777393
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102230 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2023Studies on quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccines have indicated a twofold increased relative risk of febrile convulsion (FC) after the... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Studies on quadrivalent measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (MMRV) vaccines have indicated a twofold increased relative risk of febrile convulsion (FC) after the first dose compared to MMR and V administered at the same medical visit (MMR+V).
AREAS COVERED
This narrative review contextualizes FC occurrence after the first MMRV vaccine dose from a clinical perspective and outlines approaches to attenuate FC occurrence post-vaccination.
EXPERT OPINION
While the relative FC risk increases after the first dose of MMRV compared to MMR+V vaccine in measles-naïve infants, the attributable risk is low the overall FC risk in the pediatric population triggered by other causes, like natural exposure to pathogens or routine vaccination. No increased risk of FC has been reported after MMRV co-administration with other routine vaccines compared to MMRV alone. Based on our findings and considering the MMRV vaccination benefits (fewer injections, higher coverage, better vaccination compliance), the overall benefit-risk profile of MMRV vaccine is considered to remain positive. Potential occurrence of FC in predisposed children (e.g. with personal/family history of FC) may be attenuated if they receive MMR+V instead of MMRV as the first dose. It is also important to monitor vaccinees for fever during the first 2 weeks post-vaccination.
Topics: Child; Humans; Infant; Chickenpox; Chickenpox Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Risk Assessment; Rubella; Seizures, Febrile; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Combined; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 37642012
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2252065