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International Journal of Emergency... Nov 2023Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of...
BACKGROUND
Big cat bites are highly lethal due to the enormous bite force of these animals. This article reviews the morphology of these types of injuries and key points of management through a survival case at a Japanese safari park.
CASE PRESENTATION
We report the case of a 26-year-old female keeper who was attacked by a tiger. She was quickly transported to our university hospital by ambulance helicopter. The keeper was severely bitten on the head and face and had wounds all over her body. Craniofacial repair was performed by emergency surgery. She suffered mild facial nerve paralysis and trismus because of being bitten by the tiger and is currently recovering.
CONCLUSIONS
A multidisciplinary approach of the severe tiger bites successfully treated a young woman cosmetically and mentally. Animal farms and zoos that keep tigers should take strict measures to avoid direct confrontation with tigers.
PubMed: 37926823
DOI: 10.1186/s12245-023-00556-3 -
Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Nov 2019is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over... (Review)
Review
is a highly versatile pathogen capable of causing infections in a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as in humans and nonhuman primates. Despite over 135 years of research, the molecular basis for the myriad manifestations of pathogenesis and the determinants of phylogeny remain poorly defined. The current availability of multiple genome sequences now makes it possible to delve into the underlying genetic mechanisms of fitness and virulence. Using whole-genome sequences, the genotypes, including the capsular genotypes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotypes, and multilocus sequence types, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes of isolates from different clinical presentations can be characterized rapidly and accurately. Putative genetic factors that contribute to virulence, fitness, host specificity, and disease predilection can also be identified through comparative genome analysis of different isolates. However, although some knowledge about genotypes, fitness, and pathogenesis has been gained from the recent whole-genome sequencing and comparative analysis studies of , there is still a long way to go before we fully understand the pathogenic mechanisms of this important zoonotic pathogen. The quality of several available genome sequences is low, as they are assemblies with relatively low coverage, and genomes of isolates from some uncommon host species are still limited or lacking. Here, we review recent advances, as well as continuing knowledge gaps, in our understanding of determinants contributing to virulence, fitness, host specificity, disease predilection, and phylogeny of .
Topics: Animals; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Genotype; Host Specificity; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Phylogeny; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31484691
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00014-19 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022The gram-negative, zoonotic bacterium was discovered in 1880 and found to be the causative pathogen of fowl cholera. -related diseases can be found in domestic and wild... (Review)
Review
The gram-negative, zoonotic bacterium was discovered in 1880 and found to be the causative pathogen of fowl cholera. -related diseases can be found in domestic and wild life animals such as buffalo, sheep, goat, deer and antelope, cats, dogs and tigers and cause hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, rhinitis or pneumonia in rabbits or fowl cholera in poultry and birds. does not play a major role in the immune-competent human host, but can be found after animal bites or in people with close contact to animals. Toxigenic strains are most commonly found in pigs and express a phage-encoded 146 kDa protein, the toxin (PMT). Toxin-expressing strains cause atrophic rhinitis where nasal turbinate bones are destroyed through the inhibition of bone building osteoblasts and the activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts. After its uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis, PMT specifically targets the alpha subunit of several heterotrimeric G proteins and constitutively activates them through deamidation of a glutamine residue to glutamate in the alpha subunit. This results in cytoskeletal rearrangement, proliferation, differentiation and survival of cells. Because of the toxin's mitogenic effects, it was suggested that it might have carcinogenic properties, however, no link between infections and cell transformation could be established, neither in tissue culture models nor through epidemiological data. In the recent years it was shown that the toxin not only affects bone, but also the heart as well as basically all cells of innate and adaptive immunity. During the last decade the focus of research shifted from signal transduction processes to understanding how the bacteria might benefit from a bone-destroying toxin. The primary function of PMT seems to be the modulation of immune cell activation which at the same time creates an environment permissive for osteoclast formation. While the disease is restricted to pigs, the implications of the findings from PMT research can be used to explore human diseases and have a high translational potential. In this review our current knowledge will be summarized and it will be discussed what can be learned from using PMT as a tool to understand human pathologies.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Humans; Sheep; Swine; Dogs; Rabbits; Cholera; Deer; Bacterial Toxins; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurella Infections; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 36591313
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1058905 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023() is an immobile, anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus fermenting bacterium. This pathogen is commonly prevalent in the upper airways of healthy pets, such as cats... (Review)
Review
() is an immobile, anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacillus fermenting bacterium. This pathogen is commonly prevalent in the upper airways of healthy pets, such as cats and dogs, but was also confirmed in domestic cattle, rabbits, pigs, birds, and various wild animals. Infection in humans occurs as a result of biting, scratching, or licking by animals and contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Inflammation at the site of infection develops within the first day from the injury. It is usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue but, in particular situations, may spread to other organs and manifest as a severe systemic infection. Careful history-taking and microbiological confirmation of the infection enable diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Any wound resulting from an animal bite should be disinfected. The preferred and highly effective treatment against local infection is penicillin or its derivatives. The prognosis for infections depends on the infected site and the patient's comorbidities.
PubMed: 37887726
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101210 -
Revista Chilena de Infectologia :... Feb 2022
Topics: Humans; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections
PubMed: 35735282
DOI: 10.4067/S0716-10182022000100071 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Aug 2022spp. are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli that are commonly found in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of some animals and are... (Review)
Review
spp. are non-motile, facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli that are commonly found in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract of some animals and are known to be the cause of infections. Usually, infections by spp. in humans is more common in the context of an animal bite leading to a skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). Infective endocarditis (IE) is rarely caused by spp.; however, it can pose diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas due to its rarity. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all cases of IE by spp. in the literature. A systematic review was performed of PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library (through 20 December 2021) for studies providing data on epidemiology and clinical and microbiological characteristics as well as data on treatment and outcomes of IE by spp. A total of 28 studies containing data for 28 patients were included. Prosthetic valve was present in 21.4% of patients. The aorta was the most commonly involved intracardiac site. Fever, sepsis, septic shock and heart failure were the most common clinical presentations. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and penicillin were the antimicrobials used most commonly. Overall mortality was 17.9%.
PubMed: 36078964
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11175037 -
European Journal of Clinical... Apr 2022Pasteurella species are infrequent but potentially severe causes of bloodstream infection (BSI). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, risk...
Pasteurella species are infrequent but potentially severe causes of bloodstream infection (BSI). The objective of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of Pasteurella species BSI in a large Australian population. Retrospective, laboratory-based surveillance was conducted in Queensland, Australia (population ≈ 5 million) during 2000-2019, and clinical and outcome information was established by linkage to state hospital admissions and vital statistics databases. During more than 86 million person-years of surveillance, 272 incident Pasteurella species BSI occurred for an overall age- and sex-standardized annual incidence of 3.3 per million residents. The incidence of Pasteurella species BSI was highest in recent years and older individuals were at greatest risk. The median (interquartile range) Charlson Comorbidity Index was 2 (0-4) with scores of zero, 1, 2, and 3 + observed in 81 (30%), 37 (14%), 44 (16%), and 110 (40%) of cases. The 30-day all-cause case fatality was 9% (24/272) and patients who died had more comorbidities and were less likely to have community-associated disease. Although Pasteurella species are infrequent causes of BSI, older individuals and those with comorbidities are at highest risk. The burden of this disease may be expected to increase with an aging and more comorbid population.
Topics: Australia; Bacteremia; Cross Infection; Humans; Incidence; Pasteurella; Queensland; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis
PubMed: 35102471
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04411-w -
International Journal of Medical... May 2020Pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary pathogen able to infect a wide range of animals in a broad spectrum of diseases. P. multocida is a complex microorganism... (Review)
Review
Pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary pathogen able to infect a wide range of animals in a broad spectrum of diseases. P. multocida is a complex microorganism in relation to its genomic flexibility, host adaptation and pathogenesis. Epidemiological analysis based on multilocus sequence typing, serotyping, genotyping, association with virulence genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), enables assessment of intraspecies diversity, phylogenetic and strain-specific relationships associated with host predilection or disease. A high number of sequenced genomes provides us a more accurate genomic and epidemiological interpretation to determine whether certain lineages can infect a host or produce disease. Comparative genomic analysis and pan-genomic approaches have revealed a flexible genome for hosting mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and therefore significant variation in gene content. Moreover, it was possible to find lineage-specific MGEs from the same niche, showing acquisition probably due to an evolutionary convergence event or to a genetic group with infective capacity. Furthermore, diversification selection analysis exhibits proteins exposed on the surface subject to selection pressures with an interstrain heterogeneity related to their ability to adapt. This article is the first review describing the genomic relationship to elucidate the diversity and evolution of P. multocida.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Phylogeny; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Poultry; Virulence
PubMed: 32276876
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2020.151417 -
Avicenna Journal of Medical... 2020() is the highly contagious causative agent of a broad range of diseases in animals as well as an occasional human pathogen. Economically significant infections caused... (Review)
Review
() is the highly contagious causative agent of a broad range of diseases in animals as well as an occasional human pathogen. Economically significant infections caused by include avian fowl cholera, rabbit snuffles, and hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle, goats and pigs. Chemotherapy of pasteurellosis infections has some limitations, such as high cost of treatment, low efficacy, and the possibility of therapy failure due to antibiotic resistance. Prophylactic immunization offers a safe and effective preventive measure in case of zoonotic diseases. Bacterins, live attenuated and some old traditional vaccines against pasteurellosis remain in use today, beside their limitations. However, the past few years have seen significant progress in research to identify modern, effective vaccine candidates, but there is no new vaccine produced by new strategies. While scientists should struggle with a lot of aspects to design vaccine producing strategies, this review shows how pasteurellosis vaccine evolved and the limitations in its application which need to be overcome.
PubMed: 32695276
DOI: No ID Found