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Cancer Epidemiology Oct 2023About 13% of all cancers around the world are associated with infectious agents, particularly in low-resource settings. The main infectious agents associated with cancer...
About 13% of all cancers around the world are associated with infectious agents, particularly in low-resource settings. The main infectious agents associated with cancer are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), that causes gastric cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) that causes cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancer, hepatitis B and C viruses that cause liver cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), associated with cancers of the cervix, Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin´s lymphoma. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), about 150,000 cancer cases are caused annually by infections. The LAC Cancer Code Against Cancer consists of a set of 17 evidence-based and individual-level cancer prevention recommendations targeted to the general population, suited to the epidemiological, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions of the region, and tailored to the availability and accessibility of health-care systems. The recommendations with respect to infection-driven malignancies include testing and treating for H. pylori in the context of specific public health programs, vaccination against HPV and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and detection and treatment of chronic infections with HBV, Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, in addition to the promotion of safe sex and use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STI). Countries, policy makers, health care systems and individuals should consider the adoption of these recommendations to help reduce the incidence and mortality of infection-related cancers in LAC, to improve quality of life of individuals and reduce the costs of cancer care in the region.
Topics: Female; Humans; Caribbean Region; HIV Infections; Latin America; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Papillomavirus Infections; Quality of Life; Helicobacter pylori; HIV; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37852729
DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2023.102435 -
BMC Urology Mar 2021Infection is the most feared complication of a penile prosthesis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is widely known to increase the risk of several infections, but its role in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Infection is the most feared complication of a penile prosthesis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is widely known to increase the risk of several infections, but its role in the penile prosthesis is still controversial. This systematic review aims to show the contemporary scenario of penile prosthesis infection and present a meta-analysis about DM contribution to penile prosthesis infection.
METHODS
The review was performed with no language or time limitation, including ten databases. The included articles were about the male population who received a penile prosthesis with no model restriction, with a minimum follow up of 1 year, and outcomes adequately reported.
RESULTS
The mean infection incidence of penile prosthesis ranged from 0.33 to 11.4%. In early 2000, the general incidence of infection was 3 to 5%, then, the introduction of coated materials decreased it to 0.3 to 2.7%. The meta-analysis showed that diabetes mellitus is related to an increased risk of penile prosthesis infection with an odds ratio of 1.53 (95% CI 1.15-2.04).
CONCLUSIONS
Penile prosthesis infection decreased in the last decades but remains a significant cause of reoperation, and it is related to lower prosthesis survival. Meta-analysis concludes that diabetes mellitus is related to a higher risk of penile prosthesis infection.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; Humans; Male; Penile Prosthesis; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 33691670
DOI: 10.1186/s12894-020-00730-2 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2021Unique compositional and functional features of the cervicovaginal microbiota have been associated with protection against and risk for sexually transmitted infections... (Review)
Review
Unique compositional and functional features of the cervicovaginal microbiota have been associated with protection against and risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI). In men, our knowledge of the interaction between the penile microbiota and STI is less developed. The current state of our understanding of these microbiota and their role in select STIs is briefly reviewed, along with strategies that leverage existing findings to manipulate genital microbiota and optimize protection against STIs. Finally, we focus on major research gaps and present a framework for future studies.
Topics: Female; Genitalia, Female; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 33576776
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa762 -
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance Jul 2022Penile cancer is a relatively rare genital malignancy whose incidence and mortality are rising in many countries.
BACKGROUND
Penile cancer is a relatively rare genital malignancy whose incidence and mortality are rising in many countries.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to assess the recent incidence and mortality patterns and incidence trends of penile cancer.
METHODS
The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates (ASIR and ASMR, respectively) of penile cancer in 2020 were estimated from the Global Cancer Registries (GLOBOCAN) database. Incidence trends of penile cancer from 1973 to 2012 were assessed in 44 populations from 43 countries using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus (CI5plus) and the Nordic Cancer Registries (NORDCAN) databases. Average annual percentage change was calculated to quantify trends in ASIR using joinpoint regression.
RESULTS
Globally, the estimated ASIR and ASMR of penile cancer were 0.80 (per 100,000) and 0.29 (per 100,000) in 2020, equating to 36,068 new cases and 13,211 deaths in 2020, respectively. There was no significant correlation between the ASIR (P=.05) or ASMR (P=.90) and Human Development Index. In addition, 15 countries saw increasing ASIR for penile cancer, 13 of which were from Europe (United Kingdom, Lithuania, Norway, Estonia, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Netherlands, Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, Russia, and the Czech), and 2 from Asia (China and Israel).
CONCLUSIONS
Although the developing countries still bear the higher incidence and mortality of penile cancer, the incidence is on the rise in most European countries. To mitigate the disease burden resulting from penile cancer, measures to lower the risk for penile cancers, including improving penile hygiene and male human papillomavirus vaccination, may be warranted.
Topics: Asia; Humans; Male; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Penile Neoplasms; Research
PubMed: 35793140
DOI: 10.2196/34874 -
International Journal of Impotence... Dec 2020The single most important factor in the reduction of penile implant infections has been the infection retardant coatings. Virtually every inflatable penile prosthesis... (Review)
Review
The single most important factor in the reduction of penile implant infections has been the infection retardant coatings. Virtually every inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) sold for the last 15 years in America has been coated and the device infection rate has dropped over 50% to less than 1% in experienced implanter practices. The vast majority of penile implants are contaminated with bacteria at time of surgery and the bacteria live within the implant spaces in a quiescent fashion protected by a biofilm secreted by the organisms that makes them impermeable to antibiotics or the body's defense mechanisms. Only very rarely do the bacteria cause a clinical infection. Medicine has no clue why this atypically happens. There are new recommendations for systemic prophylactic antibiotics-a testimonial to the changing face of the bacteria causing device infection. New washout solutions are being utilized and new salvage guidelines are being studied.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Humans; Penile Diseases; Penile Prosthesis; Prosthesis-Related Infections
PubMed: 32770140
DOI: 10.1038/s41443-020-0338-1 -
Viruses May 2022Globally, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) transmission occurs through vaginal-penile sex (heterosexual transmission). The local immune environment at the... (Review)
Review
Globally, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) transmission occurs through vaginal-penile sex (heterosexual transmission). The local immune environment at the site of HIV exposure is an important determinant of whether exposure during sex will lead to productive infection, and the vaginal and penile immune milieus are each critically shaped by the local microbiome. However, there are key differences in the microbial drivers of inflammation and immune quiescence at these tissue sites. In both, a high abundance of anaerobic taxa (e.g., ) is associated with an increased local density of HIV target cells and an increased risk of acquiring HIV through sex. However, the taxa that have been associated to date with increased risk in the vagina and penis are not identical. Just as importantly, the microbiota associated with comparatively less inflammation and HIV risk-i.e., the optimal microbiota-are very different at the two sites. In the vagina, spp. are immunoregulatory and may protect against HIV acquisition, whereas on the penis, "skin type" flora such as are associated with reduced inflammation. Compared to its vaginal counterpart, much less is known about the dynamics of the penile microbiome, the ability of clinical interventions to alter the penile microbiome, or the impact of natural/induced microbiome alterations on penile immunology and HIV risk.
Topics: Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Penis; Vagina
PubMed: 35746636
DOI: 10.3390/v14061164 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Feb 2022Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection drives tumorigenesis in almost all cervical cancers and a fraction of vulvar and penile cancers. Due to increasing incidence and low... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection drives tumorigenesis in almost all cervical cancers and a fraction of vulvar and penile cancers. Due to increasing incidence and low vaccination rates, many will still have to face HPV-related morbidity and mortality in the upcoming years. Current treatment options (i.e., surgery and/or chemoradiation) for urogenital (pre-)malignancies can have profound psychosocial and psychosexual effects on patients. Moreover, in the setting of advanced disease, responses to current therapies remain poor and nondurable, highlighting the unmet need for novel therapies that prevent recurrent disease and improve clinical outcome. Immunotherapy can be a useful addition to the current therapeutic strategies in various settings of disease, offering relatively fewer adverse effects and potential improvement in survival. This review discusses immune evasion mechanisms accompanying HPV infection and HPV-related tumorigenesis and summarizes current immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of HPV-related (pre-)malignant lesions of the uterine cervix, vulva, and penis.
PubMed: 35207374
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041101 -
Sources, Selection, and Microenvironmental Preconditioning of Cells for Urethral Tissue Engineering.International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Urethral stricture is a common urinary tract disorder in men that can be caused by iatrogenic causes, trauma, inflammation, or infection and often requires... (Review)
Review
Urethral stricture is a common urinary tract disorder in men that can be caused by iatrogenic causes, trauma, inflammation, or infection and often requires reconstructive surgery. The current therapeutic approach for complex urethral strictures usually involves reconstruction with autologous tissue from the oral mucosa. With the goal of overcoming the lack of sufficient autologous tissue and donor site morbidity, research over the past two decades has focused on cell-based tissue-engineered substitutes. While the main focus has been on autologous cells from the penile tissue, bladder, and oral cavity, stem cells from sources such as adipose tissue and urine are competing candidates for future urethral regeneration due to their ease of collection, high proliferative capacity, maturation potential, and paracrine function. This review addresses the sources, advantages, and limitations of cells for tissue engineering in the urethra and discusses recent approaches to improve cell survival, growth, and differentiation by mimicking the mechanical and biophysical properties of the extracellular environment.
Topics: Male; Humans; Urethra; Tissue Engineering; Conditioning, Psychological; Urinary Bladder; Penis
PubMed: 36430557
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214074 -
Forensic Science, Medicine, and... Jun 2022Three morbidly obese men aged 69, 49 and 45 years with respective BMIs of 46.3, 49.1 and 59.3 died suddenly from underlying cardiovascular disease. At autopsy all were...
Three morbidly obese men aged 69, 49 and 45 years with respective BMIs of 46.3, 49.1 and 59.3 died suddenly from underlying cardiovascular disease. At autopsy all were found to have marked penile shortening typical of an entity known as "buried penis." This condition arises in adulthood most commonly from morbid obesity as the penile shaft becomes enveloped by encroaching suprapubic adipose tissue. It is associated with infective, obstructive and malignant complications. Histology will be required to identify less-common causative conditions or any inflammatory or premalignant/malignant changes.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Adult; Body Mass Index; Humans; Male; Obesity, Morbid; Penis
PubMed: 35195846
DOI: 10.1007/s12024-022-00461-w -
Asian Journal of Andrology 2020Penile prosthesis implantation is the gold standard of surgical therapy for patients with medication-refractory erectile dysfunction. However, this umbrella definition... (Review)
Review
Penile prosthesis implantation is the gold standard of surgical therapy for patients with medication-refractory erectile dysfunction. However, this umbrella definition includes significant heterogeneity and associated risk profiles that should be candidly discussed and addressed perioperatively. Factors associated with operative success and patient satisfaction are often surgery specific; however, risk profiling via patient selection, preoperative optimization, proper device selection, and intraoperative consideration are highly correlated. Some examples of common risk profiles include comorbidity(ies) such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, prior abdominal surgery, Peyronie's disease, and psychological risk factors. Similarly, integration of surgeon- and patient-amenable characteristics is key to decreasing risk of infection, complication, and need for revision. Finally, patient risk profiling provides a unique context for proper device selection and evidence-based intraoperative considerations.
Topics: Cardiovascular Diseases; Comorbidity; Diabetes Mellitus; Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Patient Satisfaction; Patient Selection; Penile Implantation; Penile Induration; Penile Prosthesis; Postoperative Complications; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Reoperation; Risk Assessment; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 31489849
DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_92_19