-
Disease Markers 2007While much is known about the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its consequences, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and... (Review)
Review
While much is known about the natural history of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its consequences, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer, relatively little is known about the natural history of anogenital HPV infection and diseases in men. In part this reflects difficulties in penile sampling and visual assessment of penile lesions. Anal HPV infection and disease also remain poorly understood. Although HPV is transmitted sexually and infects the genitals of both sexes, the cervix remains biologically more vulnerable to malignant transformation than does the penis or anus in men. An understanding of male HPV infection is therefore important in terms of reducing transmission of HPV to women and improving women's health. However, it is also important due to the burden of disease in men, who may develop both penile and anal cancer, particularly among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. Improved sampling techniques of the male genitalia and cohort studies in progress should provide important information on the natural history of anogenital HPV infection and disease in men, including risk factors for HPV acquisition and transmission. The impact of HPV vaccination in women on male anogenital HPV infection will also need to be assessed.
Topics: Anus Neoplasms; Carcinoma in Situ; Condylomata Acuminata; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Penile Neoplasms; Sexual Partners
PubMed: 17627061
DOI: 10.1155/2007/159137 -
Asian Journal of Andrology 2020The field of prosthetic urology demonstrates the striking impact that simple devices can have on quality of life. Penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter... (Review)
Review
The field of prosthetic urology demonstrates the striking impact that simple devices can have on quality of life. Penile prosthesis and artificial urinary sphincter implantation are the cornerstone procedures on which this specialty focuses. Modern research largely concentrates on decreasing the rates of complication and infection, as the current devices offer superior rates of satisfaction when revision is not necessary. These techniques are also able to salvage sexual function and continence in more difficult patient populations including female-to-male transgender individuals, those with ischemic priapism, and those with erectile dysfunction and incontinence secondary to prostatectomy. This review summarizes modern techniques, outcomes, and complications in the field of prosthetic urology.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Penile Implantation; Penile Prosthesis; Postoperative Complications; Prostatectomy; Prosthesis Failure; Prosthesis Implantation; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Surgical Wound Infection; Urethra; Urinary Incontinence, Stress; Urinary Retention; Urinary Sphincter, Artificial; Urology
PubMed: 31696834
DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_108_19 -
F1000Research 2019Since the original inflatable penile prosthesis in the 1970s, several enhancements to penile prosthesis implant design, implant surgical technique, and post-operative... (Review)
Review
Since the original inflatable penile prosthesis in the 1970s, several enhancements to penile prosthesis implant design, implant surgical technique, and post-operative care have been developed to increase overall patient (and partner) satisfaction rates. We, in this communication, seek to discuss these advancements and the overall impact in combating erectile dysfunction. As we continue to pursue avenues of effective and definitive treatment modalities for erectile dysfunction refractory to medical therapy, rates of infection and mechanical failure will hopefully continue to decline in the perioperative setting.
Topics: Erectile Dysfunction; Humans; Male; Penile Implantation; Penile Prosthesis; Penis; Postoperative Care
PubMed: 30828431
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17407.1 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Sep 2016Scabies is a common contagious cutaneous disease and usually affects the young, characterized by polymorphous lesions that may present as burrows, pruritic papules, and... (Review)
Review
Scabies is a common contagious cutaneous disease and usually affects the young, characterized by polymorphous lesions that may present as burrows, pruritic papules, and inflammatory nodules. Bullous scabies (BS) is its rather rare subtype, mimicking bullous pemphigoid. We report a 15-year-old Chinese boy presenting with 1-month history of pruritic bullae on his penile skin, showing poor response to both topical steroids and systemic antihistamines, but cured by sulfur ointment alone. No recurrence occurred in the 5 years of follow-up. We also reviewed the published cases. Up to date, 44 cases, including the present, have been reported. Of them, 30 were male and 14 were female. The age range was from 1 to 89 years old, with a median age of 70.6 years. The bullous lesions may involve the arms, legs, trunk, genitals, feet, buttocks, thighs, neck, inguinal folds, and may even be generalized. Trunk and extremities are the most common involved locations. Facial or mucosa involvement had never been reported. The histological findings present as a subepidermal split with variable inflammatory infiltrate predominantly neutrophils, and eosinophilic spongiosis, or both. Eighteen of 32 patients showed positive deposition of linear-granular IgG or complement 3 alone or in various combinations, and five of 24 patients revealed circulating IgG. All the 40 cases with therapeutic details were cured by antiscabietic remedy. BS always involves the trunk and extremities. It has a predilection for elderlies and males. The treatments for BS are similar to those of classical scabies.
Topics: Adolescent; Blister; Humans; Male; Penis; Scabies; Skin
PubMed: 27402514
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0273 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Dec 2022Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a surgical procedure that reduces HIV acquisition risk by almost two-thirds. However, global implementation is lagging, in... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a surgical procedure that reduces HIV acquisition risk by almost two-thirds. However, global implementation is lagging, in part due to VMMC hesitancy. A better understanding of the mechanism(s) by which this procedure protects against HIV may increase acceptance of VMMC as an HIV risk reduction approach among health care providers and their clients.
RECENT FINDINGS
HIV acquisition in the uncircumcised penis occurs preferentially across the inner foreskin tissues, due to increased susceptibility that is linked to elevated inflammatory cytokine levels in the sub-preputial space and an increased tissue density of HIV-susceptible CD4 + T cells. Inflammation can be caused by sexually transmitted infections, but is more commonly induced by specific anaerobic components of the penile microbiome. Circumcision protects by both directly removing the susceptible tissues of the inner foreskin, and by inducing a less inflammatory residual penile microbiome. VMMC reduces HIV susceptibility by removing susceptible penile tissues, and also through impacts on the penile immune and microbial milieu. Understanding these mechanisms may not only increase VMMC acceptability and reinvigorate global VMMC programs, but may also lead to non-surgical HIV prevention approaches focused on penile immunology and/or microbiota.
Topics: Male; Humans; Circumcision, Male; HIV Infections; Foreskin; Penis; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 36308579
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00634-w -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Mar 2012Understanding of the human microbiome continues to grow rapidly; however, reports on changes in the microbiome after HIV infection are still limited. This review surveys... (Review)
Review
Understanding of the human microbiome continues to grow rapidly; however, reports on changes in the microbiome after HIV infection are still limited. This review surveys the progress made in methodology associated with microbiome studies and highlights the remaining challenges to this field. Studies have shown that commensal oral, gut, vaginal, and penile bacteria are vital to the health of the human immune system. Our studies on crosstalk among oral and gastrointestinal soluble innate factors, HIV, and microbes indicated that the oral and gut microbiome was altered in the HIV-positive samples compared to the negative controls. The importance of understanding the bacterial component of HIV/AIDS, and likelihood of "crosstalk" between viral and bacterial pathogens, will help in understanding the role of the microbiome in HIV-infected individuals and facilitate identification of novel antiretroviral factors for use as novel diagnostics, microbicides, or therapeutics against HIV infection.
Topics: Female; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; HIV Infections; Humans; Intestines; Lung; Male; Metagenome; Microbial Interactions; Mouth; Penis; Vagina
PubMed: 22193889
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-011-0103-7 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Dec 2014Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primary infection occurs at mucosa tissues, suggesting an intricate interplay between the microbiome and HIV infection. Recent... (Review)
Review
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) primary infection occurs at mucosa tissues, suggesting an intricate interplay between the microbiome and HIV infection. Recent advanced technologies of high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics allow researchers to explore nonculturable microbes, including bacteria, virus, and fungi, and their association with diseases. HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus infection is associated with microbiome shifts and immune activation that may affect the outcome of disease progression. In this review, the authors focus on microbiome in HIV infection at various mucosal compartments. Understanding the relationship between microbiome and HIV may offer insights into development of better strategies for HIV prevention and treatment.
Topics: Cervix Uteri; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Lung; Male; Microbiota; Mouth; Penis; Rectum; Vagina
PubMed: 25439273
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.08.005 -
Asian Journal of Andrology 2021Hyaluronic acid injection is becoming a popular way for penile augmentation. However, only few studies and follow-ups have investigated the various complications of...
Hyaluronic acid injection is becoming a popular way for penile augmentation. However, only few studies and follow-ups have investigated the various complications of hyaluronic acid injection and their corresponding management. In this study, a total of 230 patients who had penile augmentation with hyaluronic acid injection from January 2018 to December 2019 were examined on follow-up for penile girth, complications, and their corresponding management. At 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month postoperative follow-ups, the penile circumference had increased by 2.66 ± 1.24 cm, 2.28 ± 1.02 cm, and 1.80 ± 0.83 cm, respectively. During the entire 6-month follow-up, 4.3% had complications such as subcutaneous bleeding, subcutaneous nodules, and infection. There were no systemic or local allergic reactions among all the patients. All complications were treated accordingly, and no further deterioration or severe sequelae were observed. Although complications of hyaluronic acid injections are mild and rare, these may affect the patient's satisfaction postoperatively. Preoperative redundant prepuce may increase the incidence of penile edema or postoperative gel migration. Standardization of the surgery protocol and elucidation of the effects of other injection parameters are still lacking. Nevertheless, it still highlights the importance of preoperative preparation and surgical technique.
Topics: Adult; Aftercare; China; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Injections; Male; Middle Aged; Patient Satisfaction; Penis; Postoperative Complications
PubMed: 33533738
DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_78_20 -
Viruses May 2022Globally, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) transmission occurs through vaginal-penile sex (heterosexual transmission). The local immune environment at the... (Review)
Review
Globally, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) transmission occurs through vaginal-penile sex (heterosexual transmission). The local immune environment at the site of HIV exposure is an important determinant of whether exposure during sex will lead to productive infection, and the vaginal and penile immune milieus are each critically shaped by the local microbiome. However, there are key differences in the microbial drivers of inflammation and immune quiescence at these tissue sites. In both, a high abundance of anaerobic taxa (e.g., ) is associated with an increased local density of HIV target cells and an increased risk of acquiring HIV through sex. However, the taxa that have been associated to date with increased risk in the vagina and penis are not identical. Just as importantly, the microbiota associated with comparatively less inflammation and HIV risk-i.e., the optimal microbiota-are very different at the two sites. In the vagina, spp. are immunoregulatory and may protect against HIV acquisition, whereas on the penis, "skin type" flora such as are associated with reduced inflammation. Compared to its vaginal counterpart, much less is known about the dynamics of the penile microbiome, the ability of clinical interventions to alter the penile microbiome, or the impact of natural/induced microbiome alterations on penile immunology and HIV risk.
Topics: Female; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Penis; Vagina
PubMed: 35746636
DOI: 10.3390/v14061164 -
Virology Journal Oct 2020This study aims to screen the male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status and genotyping in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, China to provide...
BACKGROUND
This study aims to screen the male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status and genotyping in Qingcheng District, Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province, China to provide a reference basis for formulating prevention strategies for HPV infection.
METHODS
The present study collected urethral epithelium or scraped penile epidermis from high-risk male patients in Qingyuan People's Hospital during the last five years, extracted DNA fragments using the boiling method, and detected 23 types of HPV genotypes by PCR-reverse blot hybridization.
RESULTS
The positive detection rate was 54.31% of 1044 males with high risk of HPV (567/1044). Among these males, the positive detection rate of HPV was the highest in patients initially diagnosed with warts, and the rate was 66.47%. Five main HPV types are identified as follows: HPV6 18.87% (197/1044), HPV11 10.25% (107/1044), HPV52 8.81% (92/1044), HPV16 6.90% (72/1044), and HPV51 5.08% (53/1044). Among these HPV-infected patients, single infection mainly by low-risk HPV6 and HPV11 accounted for 56.61% (321/567); high- and low-risk combined HPV co-infections accounted for 29.10% (165/567). The HPV infected patients was mainly between 21 and 40 years old, and the HPV infection rate was higher with increased age.
CONCLUSIONS
The HPV infection rate in the Qingyuan area is higher than in other areas and the main infection is single infection. Furthermore, HPV52, HPV16, and HPV51 are the main high-risk infection types, while HPV6 and HPV11 are the main low-risk infection types.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; China; Coinfection; DNA, Viral; Epithelial Cells; Genotype; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Penis; Retrospective Studies; Risk Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 33076966
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01423-w