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Journal of Clinical Medicine Jun 2021Patients with severe lung injury usually have a high respiratory drive, resulting in intense inspiratory effort that may even worsen lung damage by several mechanisms... (Review)
Review
Patients with severe lung injury usually have a high respiratory drive, resulting in intense inspiratory effort that may even worsen lung damage by several mechanisms gathered under the name "patient-self inflicted lung injury" (P-SILI). Even though no clinical study has yet demonstrated that a ventilatory strategy to limit the risk of P-SILI can improve the outcome, the concept of P-SILI relies on sound physiological reasoning, an accumulation of clinical observations and some consistent experimental data. In this review, we detail the main pathophysiological mechanisms by which the patient's respiratory effort could become deleterious: excessive transpulmonary pressure resulting in over-distension; inhomogeneous distribution of transpulmonary pressure variations across the lung leading to cyclic opening/closing of nondependent regions and pendelluft phenomenon; increase in the transvascular pressure favoring the aggravation of pulmonary edema. We also describe potentially harmful patient-ventilator interactions. Finally, we discuss in a practical way how to detect in the clinical setting situations at risk for P-SILI and to what extent this recognition can help personalize the treatment strategy.
PubMed: 34205783
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122738 -
Hormone Research in Paediatrics 2022Clinicians of all disciplines, including pediatric endocrinologists, are likely to encounter transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) young people in their practice... (Review)
Review
Clinicians of all disciplines, including pediatric endocrinologists, are likely to encounter transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) young people in their practice regardless of whether they specialize in gender-affirming medical care. Because of this, it is important to be aware of the ways in which medical professionals can affirm these individuals. Although gender-affirming therapy should always include affirmation including proper use of names and pronouns, the transition journey will look different for each patient. The gender-affirming care of TGD young people may include both medical and nonmedical interventions (e.g., social transition). Therapies utilized for medical gender transition such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and/or gender-affirming hormones have implications for growth, bone health, cardiovascular health, and fertility, although these impacts are not yet completely understood. This review provides an overview of the care of transgender young people as well as a summary of what is known about the outcomes of these therapies. Clinicians should advise TGD young people and their families of the known and unknown risks and work together with patients to decide upon a treatment and follow-up regimen that aligns with their individual gender affirmation and health goals.
Topics: Child; Humans; Adolescent; Transgender Persons; Hormones
PubMed: 35272283
DOI: 10.1159/000524030 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior May 2022People can express their identity in different ways, one of which is through language. Non-binary individuals often speak in a gender-neutral way and use specific...
People can express their identity in different ways, one of which is through language. Non-binary individuals often speak in a gender-neutral way and use specific language forms. Language use not only reveals their identity but also can shape how others perceive them. The present study's purpose was to analyze how non-binary people are perceived through the language they use. The research was conducted in Polish, a language that is especially challenging for non-binary individuals because it has many gender markers. To avoid using gendered forms, they often use a specific form of passive voice. In an experiment, participants (N = 130, 102 women, 28 men) read a gendered (feminine or masculine) text and a gender-neutral text with passive voice. Most gave a masculine name to the person in the neutral text, but addressed them in a gender-neutral way when asked to react to them in presented scenarios. The gender-neutral text was evaluated as being less comprehensible than the gendered texts, and the non-binary person was rated less competent and colder than a man or a woman and was less socially accepted. Furthermore, the negative evaluation of non-binary people seemed to be attributable to unfamiliarity with gender-neutral language and its lower comprehensibility. More research is needed to understand these perceptions better and to be able to prevent their potential negative consequences.
Topics: Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Language; Male; Social Perception; Voice
PubMed: 35467171
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-021-02234-y -
Belitung Nursing Journal 2022The debate regarding the variation of names used for labeling the patient in a nursing care situation has always existed in nursing. Names such as patient, client,...
The debate regarding the variation of names used for labeling the patient in a nursing care situation has always existed in nursing. Names such as patient, client, person, and nursed have been used widely among healthcare disciplines, including nursing. However, does the use of any of these identifying terms establish the appropriate identification of the nurse and the persons being nursed in a nursing care situation participating in a mutual relationship? This editorial aims to address the varieties and rationales of identifying persons participating in or receiving nursing care. Among these terms, "person" describing human beings underscores personhood, allowing nurse-nursed relations to foster, support, celebrate, and affirm living the meaning of what matters most to one's life. Therefore, it will be advantageous to nursing practice if the term "person being nursed" is the relevant descriptor to be considered as the primary label.
PubMed: 37554238
DOI: 10.33546/bnj.2427 -
Psychological Research Feb 2021'Hyperfocus' is a phenomenon that reflects one's complete absorption in a task, to a point where a person appears to completely ignore or 'tune out' everything else.... (Review)
Review
'Hyperfocus' is a phenomenon that reflects one's complete absorption in a task, to a point where a person appears to completely ignore or 'tune out' everything else. Hyperfocus is most often mentioned in the context of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, but research into its effect on cognitive and neural functioning is limited. We propose that hyperfocus is a critically important aspect of cognition, particularly with regard to clinical populations, and that it warrants significant investigation. Hyperfocus, though ostensibly self-explanatory, is poorly defined within the literature. In many cases, hyperfocus goes undefined, relying on the assumption that the reader inherently knows what it entails. Thus, there is no single consensus to what constitutes hyperfocus. Moreover, some studies do not refer to hyperfocus by name, but describe processes that may be related. In this paper, we review how hyperfocus (as well as possibly related phenomena) has been defined and measured, the challenges associated with hyperfocus research, and assess how hyperfocus affects both neurotypical and clinical populations. Using this foundation, we provide constructive criticism about previously used methods and analyses. We also propose an operational definition of hyperfocus for researchers to use moving forward.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Attentional Bias; Autistic Disorder; Biomedical Research; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 31541305
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8 -
Cancer Treatment and Research... 2022Eponyms have been traditionally used in the field of medicine to honor the contributions of an individual or group of individuals in understanding a disease. However,... (Review)
Review
Eponyms have been traditionally used in the field of medicine to honor the contributions of an individual or group of individuals in understanding a disease. However, many eponyms have come under scrutiny given the personal backgrounds of individuals for whom they intend to honor. As we previously reviewed commonly used eponyms in medical oncology, we now aim to review commonly used eponyms in malignant hematology in order to highlight the individuals for whom they are named after. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology of each disease, epidemiology, and the historical background for the individual or individuals for which the eponym honors.
Topics: Eponyms; Hematology; Humans
PubMed: 35835706
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2022.100594 -
Pharmacological Research Apr 2023Over the last decade, the understanding of the habenula has rapidly advanced from being an understudied brain area with the Latin name 'habena" meaning "little rein", to... (Review)
Review
Over the last decade, the understanding of the habenula has rapidly advanced from being an understudied brain area with the Latin name 'habena" meaning "little rein", to being considered a "major rein" in the control of key monoaminergic brain centers. This ancient brain structure is a strategic node in the information flow from fronto-limbic brain areas to brainstem nuclei. As such, it plays a crucial role in regulating emotional, motivational, and cognitive behaviors and has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and addiction. This review will summarize recent findings on the medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) habenula, their topographical projections, cell types, and functions. Additionally, we will discuss contemporary efforts that have uncovered novel molecular pathways and synaptic mechanisms with a focus on MHb-Interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) synapses. Finally, we will explore the potential interplay between the habenula's cholinergic and non-cholinergic components in coordinating related emotional and motivational behaviors, raising the possibility that these two pathways work together to provide balanced roles in reward prediction and aversion, rather than functioning independently.
Topics: Motivation; Habenula; Interpeduncular Nucleus; Emotions
PubMed: 36933754
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106734 -
Biological Psychology Nov 2021Reduced orienting to name is an early behavioral risk marker for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, individual instances of infants' behavioral responses to name are...
Reduced orienting to name is an early behavioral risk marker for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, individual instances of infants' behavioral responses to name are limited in both reliability and predictive validity. Physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) deceleration may serve as more sensitive metrics than behavioral methods. As a first step toward validating HR deceleration as a candidate psychophysiological measure of name processing, we examined the congruency of behavioral and cardiac responses to name in 12-month-old typically developing infants. Infants exhibited greater median HR deceleration and spent a larger proportion of time in HR deceleration when they behaviorally oriented to their names than when they failed to do so; however, maximum HR deceleration was not related to behavioral responses. These findings provide preliminary evidence that specific HR deceleration metrics may be useful indices of infants' responses to name and may inform psychophysiological mechanisms underlying behavioral responses.
Topics: Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Names; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 34662674
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108207 -
Cells Mar 2022Cystinosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease that is tightly linked with the name of the American physician and scientist Dr. Jerry Schneider. Dr. Schneider...
Cystinosis is a rare lysosomal storage disease that is tightly linked with the name of the American physician and scientist Dr. Jerry Schneider. Dr. Schneider (1937-2021) received his medical degree from Northwestern University, followed by a pediatrics residency at Johns Hopkins University and a fellowship in inherited disorders of metabolism. He started to work on cystinosis in J. Seegmiller's laboratory at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and subsequently moved to the UC San Diego School of Medicine, where he devoted his entire career to people suffering from this devastating lysosomal storage disorder. In 1967, Dr. Schneider's seminal paper 'Increased cystine in leukocytes from individuals homozygous and heterozygous for cystinosis' opened a new era of research towards understanding the pathogenesis and finding treatments for cystinosis patients. His tremendous contribution transformed cystinosis from a fatal disorder of childhood to a treatable chronic disease, with a new generation of cystinosis patients being now in their 40th and 50th years. Dr. Schneider wrote a fascinating 'Personal History of Cystinosis' highlighting the major milestones of cystinosis research. Unfortunately, he passed away before this manuscript could be published. Fifty-five years after his first paper on cystinosis, the 'Personal History of Cystinosis' by Dr. Schneider is a tribute to his pioneering discoveries in the field and an inspiration for young doctors and scientists who have taken over the torch of cystinosis research towards finding a cure for cystinosis.
Topics: Child; Cystinosis; Heterozygote; History, 21st Century; Homozygote; Humans; Leukocytes; Male; Medicine; United States
PubMed: 35326395
DOI: 10.3390/cells11060945