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Journal of the American Academy of... Sep 2023For over a century, the plain radiograph has been used to measure and predict the development of pediatric hip conditions. Classic measurements, such as the acetabular... (Review)
Review
For over a century, the plain radiograph has been used to measure and predict the development of pediatric hip conditions. Classic measurements, such as the acetabular index, the center-edge angle, and the migration percentage, have stood the test of time and remain the default tools for any pediatric orthopaedic surgeons. However, in contemporary research, the terminology regarding these measurements has become markedly inconsistent. A substantial number of synonyms, acronyms, and similar, but not identical, terms are used to label measurements. This is perhaps unsurprising, considering decades of use and numerous suggested modifications. The results of treatment cannot be reliably compared if the measured parameters are not identical, and scientific analysis of disease requires consistent terminology. In this review, we aim both to provide historical definitions and identification of radiographic landmarks commonly used in three parameters of interest on pediatric AP radiographs and to examine the variability of landmarks and definitions in contemporary research.
Topics: Humans; Child; Names; Pelvis; Acetabulum; Orthopedic Surgeons; Orthopedics
PubMed: 37734040
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-23-00120 -
SAHARA J : Journal of Social Aspects of... Dec 2021This paper explores how HIV-positive (young male initiates) undergoing (traditional Xhosa initiation and circumcision) engage with HIV-related biomedical care and...
'If you are found taking medicine, you will be called names and considered less of a man': young men's engagement with HIV treatment and care during ulwaluko (traditional initiation and circumcision) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.
This paper explores how HIV-positive (young male initiates) undergoing (traditional Xhosa initiation and circumcision) engage with HIV-related biomedical care and treatment. Health-focused life history narratives ( = 36), semi-structured interviews ( = 32) and analysis of health facility files ( = 41) with adolescent boys and young men (ages 13-24) living with HIV, and semi-structured interviews with traditional and biomedical health practitioners ( = 14) were conducted in 2017 and 2018. This research was part of the Mzantsi Wakho study, a longitudinal, mixed methods study of adolescents living with HIV ( = 1060). Findings demonstrate that ulwaluko rules of not engaging with biomedical care and treatment pose a challenge for initiates who are taking chronic medicine. Fears of inadvertent disclosure of their HIV-positive status collide with the pressure to successfully complete ulwaluko in order to be legitimised as men. In response to this dilemma, they engage a variety of strategies - including taking medicine in secret by hiding them, having a trusted person deliver them discretely, and stopping medicine-taking altogether. The three months following ulwaluko also pose a challenge in accessing biomedical treatment and care. In this time of high surveillance, (new men) do not present at health facilities for fear of being thought to have had a botched circumcision or to have contravened 'manhood rules' and left ulwaluko before having healed properly. To get around this, those who continued taking medicine engaged caregiver pick-ups. Beyond suggesting that ulwaluko is a high-risk time for disengagement from biomedical treatment and care, this paper builds on a robust scholarship on the importance of locality and context in gender and health research. It documents the creativity, agency and resilience of initiates and their families as they subvert and re-signify health-related masculine norms.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Circumcision, Male; Disclosure; Gender Identity; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; South Africa; Young Adult
PubMed: 33847253
DOI: 10.1080/17290376.2021.1894225 -
Psychiatria Danubina Dec 2022Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that most often have profound impact on a person itself, as well as on parents, caretakers, and family...
BACKGROUND
Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders that most often have profound impact on a person itself, as well as on parents, caretakers, and family life in whole. Parents of a child with ASD often have higher levels of stress and psychological distress. Aim of this study was to examine the stress sources, its frequency and predictability in parents of children with ASD, in relation to the communication and language skills of their children.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The sample consisted of 80 participants who are parents of children with ASD. The study was conducted using a questionnaire made for this research. Three groups of variables were analyzed: parental stress; child's communication; and child's language variables. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS and included basic statistical parameters and multiple regression analysis.
RESULTS
The most common sources of parental stress are caring for the child's future; difficulties of the child with speech, language and communication; difficulties of the child in establishing contact with peers and other persons; and inappropriate behavior of the child (anger, aggression, stereotypical behaviors…). Multiple regression analyses used to determine whether a child's communication and language skills were valid predictors of parental stress showed significance.
CONCLUSIONS
ASD child's skills like showing gestures; looking, answering, and turning when called by name; making it known when he/she needs help or wants an object; answering simple 'Yes/No' questions; and establishing contact with peers, are valid predictors of some stress sources of the parents. Proper involvement in the development of a child's communication and language skills has numerous benefits, not only for the child, but also for the parental stress recognition and its potential frequency decrease.
Topics: Female; Child; Humans; Parents; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Cognition; Communication; Language
PubMed: 36752242
DOI: No ID Found -
Health Communication Nov 2019Warning labels on tobacco products sometimes feature images and stories of real people whose health has been affected by smoking. We examined effects of some of the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Warning labels on tobacco products sometimes feature images and stories of real people whose health has been affected by smoking. We examined effects of some of the design elements that may contribute to the effectiveness of these testimonial pictorial warning labels (PWLs). Beginning with a testimonial PWL that contained an image of a person and a basic warning statement (e.g., "Smoking can kill you"), we examined the impact of adding: (a) text detailing the person's name, age and health status (identifiers); and (b) explanatory statements that elaborated on the basic warning using a testimonial or non-testimonial message. In an online experiment, 1255 adult smokers in the United States were randomly assigned to one of six experimental conditions (2 [identifier: none/identifier] × 3 [explanatory statement: none/non-testimonial/testimonial]), or a control condition (text only warning labels that currently appear on packs in the United States). In each condition, participants were exposed to multiple labels each focused on a different health effect. Effectiveness was assessed using emotional responses, engagement and behavioral intentions measured immediately post-exposure, and quit attempts measured at five-week follow up. Testimonial PWLs were more effective than the text only labels. However, there was little evidence that adding identifiers or the explanatory statements enhanced effectiveness; rather, there was some evidence that testimonial explanatory statements reduced effectiveness. These findings suggest that the most effective design for testimonial PWLs may be to combine a basic warning statement with an image of a real person, without any additional textual components.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Product Labeling; Smokers; Tobacco Products; United States
PubMed: 29985636
DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1493417 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022Current link prediction strategies are about finding new probable strong relations to establish or weak ones to remove. An interesting strategy is utilizing link...
Current link prediction strategies are about finding new probable strong relations to establish or weak ones to remove. An interesting strategy is utilizing link prediction to prioritize the edges in the network and finding newly probable established relations. In this paper we will introduce and explain RLP, reverse link prediction, as a new paradigm, and use popular basic scoring methods including CN, JC, AA, RA, and PA, as its core to examine. The test cases are nine datasets. Half of them are contact networks in different levels from personal contact to aviation, and another half is for covering different test situations. After reviewing the edge removal based epidemic mitigation methods, we show that RLP can be used to decrease the epidemics spreading speed as a general method with various link prediction algorithms, and here in this paper, preferential attachment (PA) has the best results overall. But the results heavily depend on the nature of the examined networks: regular, scale-free or small-world. We also propose an easy to understand criteria, path count, for comparing the efficacy of epidemics mitigation methods. RLP can be extended to use other link prediction scoring methods in various types of graphs as well.
Topics: Epidemics; Names; Probability; Algorithms; Aviation
PubMed: 36463289
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25023-6 -
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision... Dec 2022Named entity recognition (NER) of electronic medical records is an important task in clinical medical research. Although deep learning combined with pretraining models...
BACKGROUND
Named entity recognition (NER) of electronic medical records is an important task in clinical medical research. Although deep learning combined with pretraining models performs well in recognizing entities in clinical texts, because Chinese electronic medical records have a special text structure and vocabulary distribution, general pretraining models cannot effectively incorporate entities and medical domain knowledge into representation learning; separate deep network models lack the ability to fully extract rich features in complex texts, which negatively affects the named entity recognition of electronic medical records.
METHODS
To better represent electronic medical record text, we extract the text's local features and multilevel sequence interaction information to improve the effectiveness of electronic medical record named entity recognition. This paper proposes a hybrid neural network model based on medical MC-BERT, namely, the MC-BERT + BiLSTM + CNN + MHA + CRF model. First, MC-BERT is used as the word embedding model of the text to obtain the word vector, and then BiLSTM and CNN obtain the feature information of the forward and backward directions of the word vector and the local context to obtain the corresponding feature vector. After merging the two feature vectors, they are sent to multihead self-attention (MHA) to obtain multilevel semantic features, and finally, CRF is used to decode the features and predict the label sequence.
RESULTS
The experiments show that the F1 values of our proposed hybrid neural network model based on MC-BERT reach 94.22%, 86.47%, and 92.28% on the CCKS-2017, CCKS-2019 and cEHRNER datasets, respectively. Compared with the general-domain BERT-based BiLSTM + CRF, our F1 values increased by 0.89%, 1.65% and 2.63%. Finally, we analyzed the effect of an unbalanced number of entities in the electronic medical records on the results of the NER experiment.
Topics: Humans; Electronic Health Records; Names; Neural Networks, Computer; Asian People; China
PubMed: 36457119
DOI: 10.1186/s12911-022-02059-2 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology May 2024Witches in Western Europe are associated with the use of medicinal, abortifacient, hallucinogenic, and toxic plants. Curiously, these associations are not backed up by...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Witches in Western Europe are associated with the use of medicinal, abortifacient, hallucinogenic, and toxic plants. Curiously, these associations are not backed up by first-hand evidence and historians are unconvinced that people convicted as witches were herbalists. Local plant names provide an untapped source for analysing witchcraft-plant relationships.
AIM OF THE STUDY
We analysed vernacular plant names indicating an association with witches and devils to find out why these species and witchcraft were linked.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We constructed a database with vernacular names containing the terms witch and devil in related north-west European languages. The devil was added because of its association with witchcraft. The plant species' characteristics (e.g., medicinal use, toxicity) were assessed to determine if there were non-random associations between these traits and their names.
RESULTS
We encountered 1263 unique vernacular name-taxa combinations (425 plant taxa; 97 families). Most species named after witches and/or devils were found within the Asteraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae. For Dutch, German and English we confirmed associations between witchcraft names and toxicity. Hallucinogenic plants do not appear to be associated with witch-names. For Dutch, we found significant associations between plant names and medicinal and apotropaic uses, although we did not find any association with abortifacient qualities.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that there is a wide variety of plants associated with witches and the devil in north-western Europe. Plant names with the terms witch and devil were likely used in a pejorative manner to name toxic and weedy plants, and functioned as a warning for their harmful properties. Our study provides novel insights for research into the history of witchcraft and its associated plant species.
Topics: Humans; Plants, Medicinal; Europe; Asteraceae; Plant Weeds; Abortifacient Agents; Ethnobotany
PubMed: 38307353
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117804 -
Increasing Frequency of Affirmed Name and Pronoun Documentation in a Pediatric Emergency Department.Hospital Pediatrics Nov 2022In a previous study of 204 transgender and gender diverse youth in our region, 44% reported being made to feel uncomfortable in the emergency department (ED) because of...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
In a previous study of 204 transgender and gender diverse youth in our region, 44% reported being made to feel uncomfortable in the emergency department (ED) because of their gender identity. The objective of our study was to conduct a 2 year quality improvement project to increase affirmed name and pronoun documentation in the pediatric ED.
METHODS
Using process mapping, we identified 5 key drivers and change ideas. The key driver diagram was updated as interventions were implemented over 3 Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. Our primary outcome, the percentage of ED visits per month with pronouns documented, was plotted on a run chart with the goal of seeing a 50% increase in form completion from a baseline median of ∼14% over the 2 year study period.
RESULTS
The frequency of pronoun documentation increased from a baseline median of 13.8% to a median of 47.8%. The most significant increase in pronoun documentation occurred in Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle 3, immediately after ED-wide dissemination of a near-miss case and subsequent call for improvement by ED leadership. Roughly 1.7% of all encounters during the study period involved patients whose pronouns were discordant from the sex listed in their electronic health record.
CONCLUSIONS
This quality-improvement project increased the frequency of pronoun documentation in the ED. This has the potential to improve the quality of care provided to transgender and gender diverse youth in the ED setting and identify patients who may benefit from receiving a referral to a pediatric gender clinic for additional support.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Female; Male; Gender Identity; Emergency Service, Hospital; Documentation; Quality Improvement; Electronic Health Records
PubMed: 36226552
DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2022-006818 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2022In mid-September 2019, a teenage Chinese male student and part-time waiter in Tokyo was diagnosed with multidrug-resistant (MDR) sputum smear-positive pulmonary...
In mid-September 2019, a teenage Chinese male student and part-time waiter in Tokyo was diagnosed with multidrug-resistant (MDR) sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study describes the outbreak investigation of his friends and colleagues at the restaurant. We investigated 6 friends and 15 colleagues; 5 friends and 13 colleagues underwent interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Of these, 3 friends (60.0%) and 4 colleagues (30.8%) were IGRA-positive. Each of the friends and colleagues was found to have MDR-TB (20% and 7.7%, respectively). Challenges during the investigation were the unavailability of regimens for latent TB infection (LTBI) for contacts with MDR-TB, budgetary constraints concerning implementing computed tomography (CT) scans for the contacts, frequent address changes of foreign-born patients and contacts, investigation during the coronavirus disease pandemic, and variations of alphabetical expression of the names of the patients and contacts, particularly for those from China. It is recommended that the national government officially adopt prophylaxis regimens for LTBI with MDR-TB, address the budgetary constraints regarding CT scans, and deploy liaison officers for coordinating investigations involving many foreign-born patients and contacts scattered in multiple municipalities. The names of foreign-born persons could more accurately be identified using both the alphabet and Chinese characters.
Topics: Adolescent; Disease Outbreaks; Emigrants and Immigrants; Humans; Japan; Latent Tuberculosis; Male; Tokyo; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 35354703
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.643 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023Players' identity and their reputation are known to influence cooperation in economic games, but little is known about how they interact. Our study aimed to understand...
Players' identity and their reputation are known to influence cooperation in economic games, but little is known about how they interact. Our study aimed to understand how presenting pre-programmed co-players' identities (face photos; names) along with their previous cooperation history (reputation) could influence participants' cooperative decisions in a public goods game. Participants (N = 759) were allocated to one of six experimental groups: (i) control (no information); (ii) only reputation (neutral, free-rider, or cooperative); (iii) only face; (iv) face with reputation; (v) only name; (vi) name with reputation. In the reputation group, cooperation significantly decreased when free-riders were playing and significantly increased when they were cooperators. Person's identity affected cooperativeness only when combined with reputation: face photo mitigated the negative effect of the free-rider reputation, while name identity mitigated any significant effect expected for reputation. Our study suggests a hierarchy: reputation changes cooperation, but a person's identity can modulate reputation.
Topics: Humans; Cooperative Behavior
PubMed: 37598241
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40730-4