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PloS One 2023Cross-domain object detection is a key problem in the research of intelligent detection models. Different from lots of improved algorithms based on two-stage detection...
Cross-domain object detection is a key problem in the research of intelligent detection models. Different from lots of improved algorithms based on two-stage detection models, we try another way. A simple and efficient one-stage model is introduced in this paper, comprehensively considering the inference efficiency and detection precision, and expanding the scope of undertaking cross-domain object detection problems. We name this gradient reverse layer-based model YOLO-G, which greatly improves the object detection precision in cross-domain scenarios. Specifically, we add a feature alignment branch following the backbone, where the gradient reverse layer and a classifier are attached. With only a small increase in computational, the performance is higher enhanced. Experiments such as Cityscapes→Foggy Cityscapes, SIM10k→Cityscape, PASCAL VOC→Clipart, and so on, indicate that compared with most state-of-the-art (SOTA) algorithms, the proposed model achieves much better mean Average Precision (mAP). Furthermore, ablation experiments were also performed on 4 components to confirm the reliability of the model. The project is available at https://github.com/airy975924806/yolo-G.
Topics: Algorithms; Intelligence; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 37695772
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291241 -
JAMA Otolaryngology-- Head & Neck... Sep 2020Sinonasal remedies are the most frequently purchased category of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the United States. A variety of options for relief are available under...
IMPORTANCE
Sinonasal remedies are the most frequently purchased category of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the United States. A variety of options for relief are available under proprietary names, although the actual number of available options may not be readily appreciated by the consumer or the clinician.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of specific ingredients in OTC sinonasal products.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This cross-sectional study took physical inventory of brand-name and generic OTC drugs marketed as sinus, cold, allergy, or nasal remedies. Retail pharmacies in New Orleans, Louisiana, commercial websites, and the Drugs, Herbs and Supplements section of MedlinePlus and drugs.com were searched. Data were collected and analyzed from July 1 to 31, 2018.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Frequency of active ingredients in OTC formulations.
RESULTS
Five pharmacies were visited to identify 18 brands, for which the commercial websites were then searched. The 14 most common brands represented 211 unique products. Only 8 unique nonanalgesic ingredients were identified among these products, with many products sold under the same brand name and with the same active ingredient. Phenylephrine hydrochloride, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, guaifenesin, chlorpheniramine maleate, brompheniramine maleate, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, and doxylamine succinate were the common active ingredients, with all available OTC sinonasal remedies consisting of 1 or more of these ingredients. The frequency of occurrence of each ingredient ranged from 10 to 261 different products. Combinations of 2, 3, or 4 active ingredients occurred frequently in OTC sinonasal products.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These findings suggest that proliferation of brand extension products under a common name is pervasive. Clinicians should be aware of the large array of redundant OTC formulations and lack of specificity when discussing brand-name sinonasal remedies with their patients.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drug Combinations; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Nonprescription Drugs; Respiratory System Agents; United States
PubMed: 32672802
DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1836 -
BMC Pediatrics Mar 2023Despite the significant burden of childhood and adolescent cancers, no specific studies recently discussed the burden of cancer in this group in the North Africa and the...
INTRODUCTION
Despite the significant burden of childhood and adolescent cancers, no specific studies recently discussed the burden of cancer in this group in the North Africa and the Middle East (NAME) region. Therefore, we aimed to study the burden of cancers in this group in this region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrieved the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) data for children and adolescent cancers (0-19 years old) in the NAME region from 1990 to 2019. 21 types of neoplasms were grouped as "neoplasms", comprising 19 specific cancer groups as well as "other malignant neoplasms" and "other neoplasms". Three significant parameters of incidence, deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) were studied. The data are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI), and reported rates per 100,000.
RESULTS
In 2019, almost 6 million (95% UI: 4.166 M-8.405 M) new cases and 11,560(9770-13,578) deaths due to neoplasms occurred in the NAME region. Incidence was higher in females (3.4 M), while deaths (6226 of overall 11,560) and DALYs (501,118 of overall 933,885) were estimated as higher in males. Incidence rates did not significantly change since 1990, while deaths and DALYs rates declined significantly. After excluding "other malignant neoplasms" and "other neoplasms", leukemia was responsible for the highest number of incidence and deaths (incidence: 10,629(8237-13,081), deaths: 4053(3135-5013), followed by brain and central nervous system cancers (incidence: 5897(4192-7134), deaths: 2446(1761-2960)), and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (incidence: 2741 (2237-3392), deaths: 790(645-962)). Incidence rates of neoplasms were similar for most countries, but countries varied more in terms of death rates. Afghanistan 8.9(6.5-11.9), Sudan 6.4(4.5-8.6), and the Syrian Arab Republic 5.6(4.3-8.3) had the highest overall death rates.
CONCLUSION
The NAME region is observing relatively constant incidence rates and a decreasing pattern in the deaths and DALYs. Despite this success, several countries are lagging behind in development. Different issues such as economic problems, armed conflicts and political instabilities, lack of equipment or experienced staff or poor distribution, stigmatization and disbelief in the healthcare systems account for unfavorable numbers in some countries. Such problems require urgent solutions as new sophisticated and personalized cares raise the alarm for even more inequalities between high and low-income countries.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Humans; Adolescent; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Adult; Global Burden of Disease; Quality-Adjusted Life Years; Middle East; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Incidence; Africa, Northern; Global Health; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36890483
DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-03931-4 -
Clinical Medicine & Research Dec 2019An eponym in clinical medicine is an honorific term ascribed to a person(s) who may have initially discovered or described a device, procedure, anatomical part,...
BACKGROUND
An eponym in clinical medicine is an honorific term ascribed to a person(s) who may have initially discovered or described a device, procedure, anatomical part, treatment, disease, symptom, syndrome, or sign found on physical examination. Signs, although often lacking sufficient sensitivity and specificity, assist in some cases to differentiate and diagnose disease. With the advent of advanced technological tools in radiological imaging and diagnostic testing, the importance of inspection, the initial steps taught during the physical examination, is often overlooked or given only cursory attention. Nevertheless, in the era of evidence-based and cost-effective medicine, it becomes compelling, and we contend that a meticulously performed history and physical examination, applying the basic tenets of inspection, remains paramount prior to obtaining appropriate diagnostic tests.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches and bibliographies from source text and textbooks. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign.
CONCLUSIONS
We describe the historical aspect, clinical application, and performance of medical eponymous signs of inspection found on physical examination during the 18th to 20th centuries.
Topics: Abdomen, Acute; Clinical Medicine; Eponyms; History, 18th Century; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Physical Examination
PubMed: 31308022
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2019.1420 -
Journal of the Medical Library... Jul 2021To evaluate the performance of gender detection tools that allow the uploading of files (e.g., Excel or CSV files) containing first names, are usable by researchers...
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of gender detection tools that allow the uploading of files (e.g., Excel or CSV files) containing first names, are usable by researchers without advanced computer skills, and are at least partially free of charge.
METHODS
The study was conducted using four physician datasets (total number of physicians: 6,131; 50.3% female) from Switzerland, a multilingual country. Four gender detection tools met the inclusion criteria: three partially free (Gender API, NamSor, and genderize.io) and one completely free (Wiki-Gendersort). For each tool, we recorded the number of correct classifications (i.e., correct gender assigned to a name), misclassifications (i.e., wrong gender assigned to a name), and nonclassifications (i.e., no gender assigned). We computed three metrics: the proportion of misclassifications excluding nonclassifications (errorCodedWithoutNA), the proportion of nonclassifications (naCoded), and the proportion of misclassifications and nonclassifications (errorCoded).
RESULTS
The proportion of misclassifications was low for all four gender detection tools (errorCodedWithoutNA between 1.5 and 2.2%). By contrast, the proportion of unrecognized names (naCoded) varied: 0% for NamSor, 0.3% for Gender API, 4.5% for Wiki-Gendersort, and 16.4% for genderize.io. Using errorCoded, which penalizes both types of error equally, we obtained the following results: Gender API 1.8%, NamSor 2.0%, Wiki-Gendersort 6.6%, and genderize.io 17.7%.
CONCLUSIONS
Gender API and NamSor were the most accurate tools. Genderize.io led to a high number of nonclassifications. Wiki-Gendersort may be a good compromise for researchers wishing to use a completely free tool. Other studies would be useful to evaluate the performance of these tools in other populations (e.g., Asian).
Topics: Databases, Bibliographic; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Male
PubMed: 34629970
DOI: 10.5195/jmla.2021.1185 -
European Journal of Epidemiology Jan 2021Brain development and deterioration across the lifespan are integral to the etiology of late-life neurodegenerative disease. Factors that influence the health of the... (Review)
Review
Brain development and deterioration across the lifespan are integral to the etiology of late-life neurodegenerative disease. Factors that influence the health of the adult brain remain to be elucidated and include risk factors, protective factors, and factors related to cognitive and brain reserve. To address this knowledge gap we designed a life-course study on brain health, which received funding through the EU ERC Programme under the name Origins of Alzheimer's Disease Across the Life course (ORACLE) Study. The ORACLE Study is embedded within Generation R, a prospective population-based cohort study of children and their parents, and links this with the Rotterdam Study, a population-based study in middle-aged and elderly persons. The studies are based in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Generation R focuses on child health from fetal life until adolescence with repeated in-person examinations, but has also included data collection on the children's parents. The ORACLE Study aims to extend the parental data collection in nearly 2000 parents with extensive measures on brain health, including neuroimaging, cognitive testing and motor testing. Additionally, questionnaires on migraine, depressive symptoms, sleep, and neurological family history were completed. These data allow for the investigation of longitudinal influences on adult brain health as well as intergenerational designs involving children and parents. As a secondary focus, the sampling is enriched by mothers (n = 356) that suffered from hypertensive disorders during pregnancy in order to study brain health in this high-risk population. This article provides an overview of the rationale and the design of the ORACLE Study.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Alzheimer Disease; Brain; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Neuroimaging; Population Surveillance; Pregnancy; Prospective Studies; Research Design; Risk Factors; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33324997
DOI: 10.1007/s10654-020-00696-3 -
Clinical Medicine & Research Mar 2020Percussion is derived from the Latin word to hear and to touch. Percussion of the abdomen is used to detect areas of tenderness, dullness within an area of tenderness...
BACKGROUND
Percussion is derived from the Latin word to hear and to touch. Percussion of the abdomen is used to detect areas of tenderness, dullness within an area of tenderness suggestive of a mass, shifting dullness representing fluid or blood, splenic, hepatic and bladder enlargement, and free air in the peritoneum. Covered are abdominal signs of percussion attributed as medical eponyms from the time-period beginning in the mid-late nineteenth century. Described is historical information behind the sign, descriptions of the sign, and implication in modern clinical practice.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed, Medline, online Internet word searches, textbooks, and references from other source text. PubMed was searched using the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the name of the eponyms and text words associated with the sign.
CONCLUSION
Percussion signs defined as medical eponyms were important discoveries adopted by physicians prior to the advent of radiographs and other imaging and diagnostic techniques. The signs perfected during this time-period provided important clinical cues as to the presence of air within the peritoneum or rupture of the spleen.
Topics: Abdomen; Eponyms; History, 19th Century; Humans; Palpation; Physicians
PubMed: 31324736
DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2018.1428 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2022In mid-September 2019, a teenage Chinese male student and part-time waiter in Tokyo was diagnosed with multidrug-resistant (MDR) sputum smear-positive pulmonary...
In mid-September 2019, a teenage Chinese male student and part-time waiter in Tokyo was diagnosed with multidrug-resistant (MDR) sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This study describes the outbreak investigation of his friends and colleagues at the restaurant. We investigated 6 friends and 15 colleagues; 5 friends and 13 colleagues underwent interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Of these, 3 friends (60.0%) and 4 colleagues (30.8%) were IGRA-positive. Each of the friends and colleagues was found to have MDR-TB (20% and 7.7%, respectively). Challenges during the investigation were the unavailability of regimens for latent TB infection (LTBI) for contacts with MDR-TB, budgetary constraints concerning implementing computed tomography (CT) scans for the contacts, frequent address changes of foreign-born patients and contacts, investigation during the coronavirus disease pandemic, and variations of alphabetical expression of the names of the patients and contacts, particularly for those from China. It is recommended that the national government officially adopt prophylaxis regimens for LTBI with MDR-TB, address the budgetary constraints regarding CT scans, and deploy liaison officers for coordinating investigations involving many foreign-born patients and contacts scattered in multiple municipalities. The names of foreign-born persons could more accurately be identified using both the alphabet and Chinese characters.
Topics: Adolescent; Disease Outbreaks; Emigrants and Immigrants; Humans; Japan; Latent Tuberculosis; Male; Tokyo; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant
PubMed: 35354703
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2021.643 -
Mycology 2024This paper discusses the interaction between two substantial debates in taxonomy and nomenclature: The potential introduction of DNA-only types into fungal taxonomy and... (Review)
Review
This paper discusses the interaction between two substantial debates in taxonomy and nomenclature: The potential introduction of DNA-only types into fungal taxonomy and whether certain species names are offensive and should be changed. It argues that the acceptance of DNA sequences as types will likely lead to a proliferation of eponyms (species named after a person or persons) and that this will render them more likely to censure thus creating a point of instability in the fungal nomenclature. More fundamentally, it seeks to highlight the cultural and aesthetic attraction of names and to promote wider conversation on why we consider the Latin binomial central in our description of species.
PubMed: 38813474
DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2295412 -
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Jun 2022Recent media reports have highlighted copycat/lookalike cannabis edibles as a public health concern. No empirical papers have described this phenomenon.
BACKGROUND
Recent media reports have highlighted copycat/lookalike cannabis edibles as a public health concern. No empirical papers have described this phenomenon.
METHODS
From May 2020-August 2021, we collected photos of cannabis products via an online survey of cannabis users and through personal contacts. Copycat/lookalike products are defined as those that use the same or similar brand name, logo, and/or imagery as an existing commercial non-cannabis counterpart (CNCC). We assessed each package for similarities with its CNCC with respect to brand name, product name, font, color, flavors, and brand/promotional characters. We examined cannabis content indicators including: THC content per package and serving, cannabis leaf symbol, product warnings, cannabis terms, cannabis motifs, activation time, and guidance on edible use.
RESULTS
We collected photos of 731 cannabis products; 267 (36%) were edibles of which 22 (8%) represented 13 unique copycat/lookalike products. Eight used exact brand/product names as existing CNCCs, and five used similar names. Packages copied or imitated a mean of 3.9 of six features and indicated cannabis content with a mean of 4.1 of eight features. Thirteen packages indicated a mean THC content of 459 mg/package. Four reported THC dose per serving, with a mean dose of 47.5 mg.
CONCLUSIONS
Our content analysis highlights three key concerns. First, copycat/lookalike edibles subtly indicate cannabis content while using high fidelity replication or imitation of their CNCC. Second, THC content is high and there were multiple 10 mg THC doses in the equivalent of 1 serving of a CNCC. Third, these products may be attractive to children.
Topics: Analgesics; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabis; Child; Dronabinol; Drug Packaging; Hallucinogens; Humans; Product Packaging; United States
PubMed: 35459519
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109409