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Biomolecules Mar 2021Bones are metabolically active organs. Their reconstruction is crucial for the proper functioning of the skeletal system during bone growth and remodeling, fracture... (Review)
Review
Bones are metabolically active organs. Their reconstruction is crucial for the proper functioning of the skeletal system during bone growth and remodeling, fracture healing, and maintaining calcium-phosphorus homeostasis. The bone metabolism and tissue properties are influenced by trace elements that may act either indirectly through the regulation of macromineral metabolism, or directly by affecting osteoblast and osteoclast proliferation or activity, or through becoming part of the bone mineral matrix. This study analyzes the skeletal impact of macroelements (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus), microelements (fluorine), and heavy metals (lead), and discusses the concentration of each of these elements in the various bone tissues.
Topics: Animals; Bone Density; Bone and Bones; Calcium; Fluorine; Humans; Lead; Magnesium; Phosphorus
PubMed: 33800689
DOI: 10.3390/biom11040506 -
Nutrients Oct 2021The accretion of adequate mineral content is essential for normal bone mineralization [...].
The accretion of adequate mineral content is essential for normal bone mineralization [...].
Topics: Calcification, Physiologic; Calcium; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Phosphorus
PubMed: 34835948
DOI: 10.3390/nu13113692 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Phosphate binders (PBs) generally have a high pill burden. Tenapanor selectively inhibits sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, reducing intestinal phosphate absorption....
Phosphate binders (PBs) generally have a high pill burden. Tenapanor selectively inhibits sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, reducing intestinal phosphate absorption. Tenapanor is a novel drug administered as a small tablet, twice daily. This multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase 3 study aimed to evaluate the long-term safety of tenapanor and its efficacy in decreasing PB pill burden. Tenapanor 5 mg twice daily was administered to hemodialysis patients with serum phosphorus level 3.5-7.0 mg/dl at baseline; the dose could be increased up to 30 mg twice daily. Patients could also switch from PBs. The primary endpoint was safety during 52-week administration. The key secondary endpoint was a ≥ 30% reduction in the total pill number of daily PBs and tenapanor from baseline. Of 212 patients starting treatment, 154 completed the study. Diarrhea was the most frequent adverse event, occurring in 135 patients (63.7%); most events were classified as mild (74.8%). No clinically significant changes occurred other than serum phosphorus level. At Week 52/discontinuation, 158/204 patients (77.5%) achieved the key secondary endpoint. Complete switching from PBs to tenapanor was achieved in 50-76 patients (26.7%-41.5%), and 80 patients (51.9%) at Week 8-12 and Week 50, respectively. Serum phosphorus remained generally stable within the target range (3.5-6.0 mg/dl). These findings suggest the long-term safety and tolerability of tenapanor. Tenapanor could reduce or eliminate PB pill burden while controlling serum phosphorus levels.Trial registration: NCT04771780.
Topics: Humans; Hyperphosphatemia; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Renal Dialysis; Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3
PubMed: 37925471
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45080-9 -
The New Phytologist Feb 2023Leaf phosphorus (P) comprises four major fractions: inorganic phosphate (P ), nucleic acids, phospholipids, P-containing metabolites and a residual fraction. In this... (Review)
Review
Leaf phosphorus (P) comprises four major fractions: inorganic phosphate (P ), nucleic acids, phospholipids, P-containing metabolites and a residual fraction. In this review paper, we investigated whether allocation of P fractions varies among groups of terrestrial vascular plants, and is indicative of a species' strategy to use P efficiently. We found that as leaf total P concentration increases, the P fraction increases the most, without a plateau, while other fractions plateau. Variability of the concentrations of leaf P fractions is greatest among families > species(family) > regions > plant life forms. The percentage of total P allocated to nucleic acid-P (20-35%) and lipid-P (14-34%) varies less among families/species. High photosynthetic P-use efficiency is associated with low concentrations of all P fractions, and preferential allocation of P to metabolite-P and mesophyll cells. Sequential resorption of P from senescing leaves starts with P , followed by metabolite-P, and then other organic P fractions. Allocation of P to leaf P fractions varies with season. Leaf phytate concentrations vary considerably among species, associated with variation in photosynthesis and defence. Plasticity of P allocation to its fractions is important for acclimation to low soil P availability, and species-specific P allocation is needed for co-occurrence with other species.
Topics: Phosphorus; Plant Leaves; Mesophyll Cells; Phosphates; Soil; Photosynthesis
PubMed: 36328763
DOI: 10.1111/nph.18588 -
The New Phytologist Feb 2020Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most abundant mineral nutrients used by plants, and are also the mostly widely used fertilizer elements driving crop yield... (Review)
Review
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are the two most abundant mineral nutrients used by plants, and are also the mostly widely used fertilizer elements driving crop yield improvement in agricultural production. The coordinated utilization of N and P is essential to maintain optimal plant growth and achieve maximal crop yield. The signaling pathways of N and P are generally studied separately, so our understanding of N-P interactions is very limited. A series of recent studies have revealed the critical components regulating N-P interactions in both Arabidopsis thaliana and rice (Oryza sativa), and have shed light on our in-depth understanding of the network integrating N and P signaling pathways. Here, we summarize recent progress on N-P interaction and propose possible working mechanisms integrating these N-P interactive regulation pathways. We further discuss future work that might reveal the N-P interactive regulation network in plants.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Nitrogen; Oryza; Phosphorus; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31400226
DOI: 10.1111/nph.16102 -
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Dec 2023Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of... (Review)
Review
Clinically manifested resistance of bacteria to antibiotics has emerged as a global threat to society and there is an urgent need for the development of novel classes of antibacterial agents. Recently, the use of phosphorus in antibacterial agents has been explored in quite an unprecedent manner. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the use of phosphorus-containing moieties (phosphonates, phosphonamidates, phosphonopeptides, phosphates, phosphoramidates, phosphinates, phosphine oxides, and phosphoniums) in compounds with antibacterial effect, including their use as β-lactamase inhibitors and antibacterial disinfectants. We show that phosphorus-containing moieties can serve as novel pharmacophores, bioisosteres, and prodrugs to modify pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. We further discuss the mechanisms of action, biological activities, clinical use and highlight possible future prospects.
Topics: Phosphorus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Bacteria; Organophosphonates
PubMed: 37939493
DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117512 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Soil phosphorus accumulation resulting in a high risk of phosphorus pollution is due to high multiple vegetable cropping indexes and excessive fertilizer input in...
Soil phosphorus accumulation resulting in a high risk of phosphorus pollution is due to high multiple vegetable cropping indexes and excessive fertilizer input in protected fields. Therefore, this study explored the bioavailability of soil-accumulated phosphorus to improve fertilization and reduce the risk of soil phosphorus contamination in protected fields. A field trial was performed in Yanbian Prefecture, China to study the phosphorus bioavailability after continuous spinach planting without phosphate fertilizer applications. Results indicated that with increasing numbers of planting stubbles, soil inorganic phosphorus and occluded phosphorus changed little, while water-soluble and loose phosphorus, aluminum-phosphate, iron-phosphate, and calcium-phosphorus decreased first and then increased. Soil available phosphorus declined linearly. For planting spinach in protected fields, the threshold of soil phosphorus deficiency is 200 mg kg. A soil phosphorus supply potential model was established between (the soil available phosphorus) and (the numbers of planting stubbles): = 6.759 + 0.027, R = 0.99, which can be used to predict how planting stubbles are needed to raise the soil available phosphorus above the critical value of phosphorus deficiency for spinach. These results will provide the theoretical guidance for rational phosphorus fertilizer applications and control agricultural, non-point pollution sources in protected fields.
Topics: Agriculture; Aluminum; Biological Availability; Calcium; China; Fertilizers; Iron; Nitrogen; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Soil; Water
PubMed: 36231562
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912262 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A Feb 2022We report a computational study of the little-studied neutral bisulfite, bisulfate, dihydro-phosphite, and dihydro-phosphate radicals (HSO, HPO, = 3,4), calling special...
We report a computational study of the little-studied neutral bisulfite, bisulfate, dihydro-phosphite, and dihydro-phosphate radicals (HSO, HPO, = 3,4), calling special attention to their various tautomeric structures together with p values estimated from the Gibbs free energies of their dissociations (at the G4 and CAM-B3LYP levels of density functional theory). The energetics of microhydration clusters with up to four water molecules for the S-based species and up to eight water molecules for the P-based species were investigated. The number of microhydrating water molecules needed to induce spontaneous de-protonation is found to correlate the acid strength of each radical. According to the computed Gibbs free reaction and activation energies, S- and P-centered radicals preferentially add to the double bond of propene (a lipid model), whereas the O-centered radical tautomers prefer H-abstraction. The likely downstream reactions of these radicals in biological media are discussed.
Topics: Phosphorus; Sulfur; Water
PubMed: 35085439
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10455 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2020Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for... (Review)
Review
Polymers in which phosphorus is an integral part of the main chain, including polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters, have been widely investigated in recent years for their potential in a number of therapeutic applications. Phosphorus, as the central feature of these polymers, endears the chemical functionalization, and in some cases (bio)degradability, to facilitate their use in such therapeutic formulations. Recent advances in the synthetic polymer chemistry have allowed for controlled synthesis methods in order to prepare the complex macromolecular structures required, alongside the control and reproducibility desired for such medical applications. While the main polymer families described herein, polyphosphazenes and polyphosphoesters and their analogues, as well as phosphorus-based dendrimers, have hitherto predominantly been investigated in isolation from one another, this review aims to highlight and bring together some of this research. In doing so, the focus is placed on the essential, and often mutual, design features and structure-property relationships that allow the preparation of such functional materials. The first part of the review details the relevant features of phosphorus-containing polymers in respect to their use in therapeutic applications, while the second part highlights some recent and innovative applications, offering insights into the most state-of-the-art research on phosphorus-based polymers in a therapeutic context.
Topics: Hydrolysis; Macromolecular Substances; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phosphorus; Polymerization; Polymers
PubMed: 32276516
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071716 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023The review presents extensive data (from the works of the author and literature) on the structure of - and -chlorophosphorylated enamines and the related heterocycles... (Review)
Review
The review presents extensive data (from the works of the author and literature) on the structure of - and -chlorophosphorylated enamines and the related heterocycles obtained by multipulse multinuclear H, C, and P NMR spectroscopy. The use of phosphorus pentachloride as a phosphorylating agent for functional enamines enables the synthesis of various - and -phosphorylated products that are heterocyclized to form various promising nitrogen- and phosphorus-containing heterocyclic systems. P NMR spectroscopy is the most convenient, reliable and unambiguous method for the study and identification of organophosphorus compounds with different coordination numbers of the phosphorus atom, as well as for the determination of their - and -isomeric forms. An alteration of the coordination number of the phosphorus atom in the phosphorylated compounds from 3 to 6 leads to a drastic screening of the P nucleus from about +200 to -300 ppm. The unique structural features of nitrogen-phosphorus-containing heterocyclic compounds are discussed.
Topics: Phosphorus; Organophosphorus Compounds; Heterocyclic Compounds; Nitrogen; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 37298598
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119646