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Plant Communications Mar 2023Foliar nutrient resorption (NuR) plays a key role in ecosystem functioning and plant nutrient economy. Most of this recycling occurs during the senescence of leaves and... (Review)
Review
Foliar nutrient resorption (NuR) plays a key role in ecosystem functioning and plant nutrient economy. Most of this recycling occurs during the senescence of leaves and is actively addressed by cells. Here, we discuss the importance of cell biochemistry, physiology, and subcellular anatomy to condition the outcome of NuR at the cellular level and to explain the existence of limits to NuR. Nutrients are transferred from the leaf in simple metabolites that can be loaded into the phloem. Proteolysis is the main mechanism for mobilization of N, whereas P mobilization requires the involvement of different catabolic pathways, making the dynamics of P in leaves more variable than those of N before, during, and after foliar senescence. The biochemistry and fate of organelles during senescence impose constraints that limit NuR. The efficiency of NuR decreases, especially in evergreen species, as soil fertility increases, which is attributed to the relative costs of nutrient acquisition from soil decreasing with increasing soil nutrient availability, while the energetic costs of NuR from senescing leaves remain constant. NuR is genetically determined, with substantial interspecific variability, and is environmentally regulated in space and time, with nutrient availability being a key driver of intraspecific variability in NuR.
Topics: Ecosystem; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Plants; Soil
PubMed: 36514281
DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100503 -
Cells Feb 2021Microalgae can be used as a source of alternative food, animal feed, biofuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and for pharmaceutical purposes. The extraction of... (Review)
Review
Microalgae can be used as a source of alternative food, animal feed, biofuel, fertilizer, cosmetics, nutraceuticals and for pharmaceutical purposes. The extraction of organic constituents from microalgae cultivated in the different nutrient compositions is influenced by microalgal growth rates, biomass yield and nutritional content in terms of lipid and fatty acid production. In this context, nutrient composition plays an important role in microalgae cultivation, and depletion and excessive sources of this nutrient might affect the quality of biomass. Investigation on the role of nitrogen and phosphorus, which are crucial for the growth of algae, has been addressed. However, there are challenges for enhancing nutrient utilization efficiently for large scale microalgae cultivation. Hence, this study aims to highlight the level of nitrogen and phosphorus required for microalgae cultivation and focuses on the benefits of nitrogen and phosphorus for increasing biomass productivity of microalgae for improved lipid and fatty acid quantities. Furthermore, the suitable extraction methods that can be used to utilize lipid and fatty acids from microalgae for biofuel have also been reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Biofuels; Biomass; Fatty Acids; Lipids; Microalgae; Nitrogen; Phosphorus
PubMed: 33673015
DOI: 10.3390/cells10020393 -
Annals of Botany Feb 2022Limitation of plant productivity by phosphorus (P) supply is widespread and will probably increase in the future. Relatively large amounts of P fertilizer are applied to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Limitation of plant productivity by phosphorus (P) supply is widespread and will probably increase in the future. Relatively large amounts of P fertilizer are applied to sustain crop growth and development and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing P application, plant P efficiency generally declines, which results in greater losses of P to the environment with detrimental consequences for ecosystems.
SCOPE
A strategy for reducing P input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that take up P effectively from the soil (P acquisition efficiency) or promote productivity per unit of P taken up (P utilization efficiency). In this review, we describe current research on P metabolism and transport and its relevance for improving P utilization efficiency.
CONCLUSIONS
Enhanced P utilization efficiency can be achieved by optimal partitioning of cellular P and distributing P effectively between tissues, allowing maximum growth and biomass of harvestable plant parts. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved could help design and breed crops with greater P utilization efficiency.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Fertilizers; Phosphorus; Soil
PubMed: 34864840
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab145 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jan 2023Linearly-fused polyarenes are an important class of compounds with high relevance in materials science. While modifying the shape and size represents a common means to...
Linearly-fused polyarenes are an important class of compounds with high relevance in materials science. While modifying the shape and size represents a common means to fine-tune their properties, the precise placement of heteroatoms is a strategy that is receiving an increasing deal of attention to overcome the intrinsic limitations of all-carbon structures. Thus, linearly-fused diphosphaarenes recently emerged as a novel family of molecules with striking optoelectronic properties and outstanding stability. However, the properties of diphosphaarenes are far from being benchmarked. Herein, we report the synthesis, phosphorus post-functionalization and properties of new diphosphapentaarene derivatives. We describe their synthetic limitations and unveil their potential for optoelectronic applications.
Topics: Carbon; Materials Science; Phosphorus
PubMed: 36216778
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202769 -
Microbial Cell Factories Nov 2023Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for... (Review)
Review
Microalgae, capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, are of great value for biodiesel production. The high cost of such production stimulates the search for cultivation conditions that ensure their highest productivity. Reducing the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in the culture medium is widely used to change the content and productivity of lipids in microalgae. Achieving the right balance between maximum growth and maximum lipid content and productivity is the primary goal of many experimental works to ensure cost-effective biodiesel production from microalgae. The content of nitrogen and phosphorus in nutrient media for algal cultivation after converted to nitrogen (-N) and phosphorus (-P) lies in an extensive range: from 0.007 g L to 0.417 g L and from 0.0003 g L to 0.227 g L and N:P ratio from 0.12:1 to 823.33:1. When studying nutritional stress in microalgae, no single approach is used to determine the experimental concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. This precludes the possibility of correct interpretation of the data and may lead to erroneous conclusions. This work results from the systematisation of information on using nitrogen and phosphorus restriction to increase the lipid productivity of microalgae of different taxonomic and ecological groups to identify future research directions. The results of 301 experiments were included in the analysis using the principal components method. The investigation considered various divisions and classes: Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Dinophyta, Haptophyta, Cryptophyta, Heterokontophyta/Ochrophyta (Bacillariophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Chlorophyta, and also the ratio N:P, the time of the experiment, the light intensity during cultivation. Based on the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus existing in various nutrient media, a general scheme for designating the supply of nutrient media for nitrogen (as NO or NH+, N g L) and phosphorus (as РO, P g L) has been proposed: replete -N (˃0.4 g L), moderate -N (0.4-0.2), moderate N-limitation (0.19-0.1), strong N-limitation (˂0.1), without nitrogen (0), replete -Р (˃0.2), moderate -P (0.2-0.02), moderate P-limitation (0.019-0.01), strong P-limitation (˂0.01), without phosphorus (0).
Topics: Microalgae; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Biofuels; Stramenopiles; Lipids; Biomass
PubMed: 37981666
DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02244-6 -
Water Research Jul 2022Global phosphorus reserves are under pressure of depletion in the near future due to increased consumption of primary phosphorus reservoirs and improper management of... (Review)
Review
Global phosphorus reserves are under pressure of depletion in the near future due to increased consumption of primary phosphorus reservoirs and improper management of phosphorus. At the same time, a considerable portion of global marine water bodies has been suffering from eutrophication due to excessive nutrient loading. The marine environment can be considered as a valuable phosphorus source due to nutrient rich eutrophic seawater and sediment which could potentially serve as phosphorus mines in the near future. Hence, sustainable phosphorus recovery strategies should be adapted for marine systems to provide phosphorus for the growing market demand and simultaneously control eutrophication. In this review, possible sustainable strategies for phosphorus removal and recovery from marine environments are discussed in detail. Bio-based strategies relying on natural phosphorus uptake/release metabolism of living organisms are suggested as promising options that can provide both phosphorus removal and recovery from marine waters for achieving a sustainable marine ecosystem. Among them, the utilization of microorganisms seems promising to develop novel strategies. However, the research gap for the technical applicability of these strategies is still considerably big. Therefore, future research should focus on the technical development of the strategies through laboratory and/or field studies. Coupling phosphorus mining with other valorisation pathways (i.e., metal recovery, energy production) is also suggested to improve overall sustainability and economic viability. Environmental, economic and societal challenges should altogether be well addressed prior to real scale applications.
Topics: Ecosystem; Eutrophication; Mining; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Seawater
PubMed: 35561625
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118505 -
Water Research Dec 2022Glycerol is abundantly present in wastewater from industries such as biodiesel production facilities. Glycerol is also a potential carbon source for microbes that are...
Glycerol is abundantly present in wastewater from industries such as biodiesel production facilities. Glycerol is also a potential carbon source for microbes that are involved in wastewater nutrient removal processes. The conversion of glycerol in biological phosphorus removal of aerobic granular sludge processes has not been explored to date. The current study describes glycerol utilization by aerobic granular sludge and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Robust granules with good phosphorus removal capabilities were formed in an aerobic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor fed with glycerol. The interaction between the fermentative conversion of glycerol and product uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAO) was studied using stoichiometric and microbial community analysis. Metagenomic, metaproteomic and microscopic analysis identified a community dominated by Actinobacteria (Tessaracoccus and Micropruina) and a typical PAO known as Ca. Accumulibacter. Glycerol uptake facilitator (glpF) and glycerol kinase (glpK), two proteins involved in the transport of glycerol into the cellular metabolism, were only observed in the genome of the Actinobacteria. The anaerobic conversion appeared to be a combination of a substrate fermentation and product uptake-type reaction. Initially, glycerol fermentation led mainly to the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) which was not taken up under anaerobic conditions. Despite the aerobic conversion of 1,3-PDO stable granulation was observed. Over time, 1,3-PDO production decreased and complete anaerobic COD uptake was observed. The results demonstrate that glycerol-containing wastewater can effectively be treated by the aerobic granular sludge process and that fermentative and polyphosphate accumulating organisms can form a food chain in glycerol-based EBPR processes.
Topics: Sewage; Glycerol; Wastewater; Phosphorus; Polyphosphates; Bacteria
PubMed: 36395566
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119340 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2020During this 6th Great Extinction, freshwater quality is imperiled by upland terrestrial practices. Phosphorus, a macronutrient critical for life, can be a concerning... (Review)
Review
During this 6th Great Extinction, freshwater quality is imperiled by upland terrestrial practices. Phosphorus, a macronutrient critical for life, can be a concerning contaminant when excessively present in waterways due to its stimulation of algal and cyanobacterial blooms, with consequences for ecosystem functioning, water use, and human and animal health. Landscape patterns from residential, industrial and agricultural practices release phosphorus at alarming rates and concentrations threaten watershed communities. In an effort to reconcile the anthropogenic effects of phosphorus pollution, several strategies are available to land managers. These include source reduction, contamination event prevention and interception. A total of 80% of terrestrial plants host mycorrhizae which facilitate increased phosphorus uptake and thus removal from soil and water. This symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants facilitates a several-fold increase in phosphorus uptake. It is surprising how little this relationship has been encouraged to mitigate phosphorus for water quality improvement. This paper explores how facilitating this symbiosis in different landscape and land-use contexts can help reduce the application of fertility amendments, prevent non-point source leaching and erosion, and intercept remineralized phosphorus before it enters surface water ecosystems. This literature survey offers promising insights into how mycorrhizae can aid ecological restoration to reconcile humans' damage to Earth's freshwater. We also identify areas where research is needed.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Ecosystem; Environmental Restoration and Remediation; Mycorrhizae; Phosphorus; Water Quality
PubMed: 33374981
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010007 -
Analytical Chemistry Jul 2020Stable isotopes are routinely employed by NMR metabolomics to highlight specific metabolic processes and to monitor pathway flux. C-carbon and N-nitrogen labeled...
Stable isotopes are routinely employed by NMR metabolomics to highlight specific metabolic processes and to monitor pathway flux. C-carbon and N-nitrogen labeled nutrients are convenient sources of isotope tracers and are commonly added as supplements to a variety of biological systems ranging from cell cultures to animal models. Unlike C and N, P-phosphorus is a naturally abundant and NMR active isotope that does not require an external supplemental source. To date, P NMR has seen limited usage in metabolomics because of a lack of reference spectra, difficulties in sample preparation, and an absence of two-dimensional (2D) NMR experiments, but P NMR has the potential of expanding the coverage of the metabolome by detecting phosphorus-containing metabolites. Phosphorylated metabolites regulate key cellular processes, serve as a surrogate for intracellular pH conditions, and provide a measure of a cell's metabolic energy and redox state, among other processes. Thus, incorporating P NMR into a metabolomics investigation will enable the detection of these key cellular processes. To facilitate the application of P NMR in metabolomics, we present a unified protocol that allows for the simultaneous and efficient detection of H-, C-, N-, and P-labeled metabolites. The protocol includes the application of a 2D H-P HSQC-TOCSY experiment to detect P-labeled metabolites from heterogeneous biological mixtures, methods for sample preparation to detect H-, C-, N-, and P-labeled metabolites from a single NMR sample, and a data set of one-dimensional (1D) P NMR and 2D H-P HSQC-TOCSY spectra of 38 common phosphorus-containing metabolites to assist in metabolite assignments.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Metabolomics; Mycobacterium smegmatis; Phosphorus
PubMed: 32530272
DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00591 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2024Nitrogen and phosphorus play essential roles in ecosystems and organisms. However, with the development of industry and agriculture in recent years, excessive N and P... (Review)
Review
Nitrogen and phosphorus play essential roles in ecosystems and organisms. However, with the development of industry and agriculture in recent years, excessive N and P have flowed into water bodies, leading to eutrophication, algal proliferation, and red tides, which are harmful to aquatic organisms. Biochar has a high specific surface area, abundant functional groups, and porous structure, which can effectively adsorb nitrogen and phosphorus in water, thus reducing environmental pollution, achieving the reusability of elements. This article provides an overview of the preparation of biochar, modification methods of biochar, advancements in the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by biochar, factors influencing the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus in water by biochar, as well as reusability and adsorption mechanisms. Furthermore, the difficulties encountered and future research directions regarding the adsorption of nitrogen and phosphorus by biochar were proposed, providing references for the future application of biochar in nitrogen and phosphorus adsorption.
Topics: Phosphorus; Wastewater; Adsorption; Nitrogen; Ecosystem; Charcoal; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 38474517
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051005