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Molecular Plant Jan 2022Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and reproduction. Plants preferentially absorb P as orthophosphate (Pi), an ion that displays low solubility and... (Review)
Review
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and reproduction. Plants preferentially absorb P as orthophosphate (Pi), an ion that displays low solubility and that is readily fixed in the soil, making P limitation a condition common to many soils and Pi fertilization an inefficient practice. To cope with Pi limitation, plants have evolved a series of developmental and physiological responses, collectively known as the Pi starvation rescue system (PSR), aimed to improve Pi acquisition and use efficiency (PUE) and protect from Pi-starvation-induced stress. Intensive research has been carried out during the last 20 years to unravel the mechanisms underlying the control of the PSR in plants. Here we review the results of this research effort that have led to the identification and characterization of several core Pi starvation signaling components, including sensors, transcription factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) and miRNA inhibitors, kinases, phosphatases, and components of the proteostasis machinery. We also refer to recent results revealing the existence of intricate signaling interplays between Pi and other nutrients and antagonists, N, Fe, Zn, and As, that have changed the initial single-nutrient-centric view to a more integrated view of nutrient homeostasis. Finally, we discuss advances toward improving PUE and future research priorities.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genes, Plant; Phosphorus; Plant Development; Plant Growth Regulators; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34954444
DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.005 -
ChemistryOpen Nov 2022The substitution reaction of phosphinates with a binaphthyloxy group at the phosphorus atom with lithium alkoxides proceeded with good to high efficiencies to give...
The substitution reaction of phosphinates with a binaphthyloxy group at the phosphorus atom with lithium alkoxides proceeded with good to high efficiencies to give P-chirogenic phosphinates with a high enantiomeric ratio. As alcohols, primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols could be used, and the use of tert-butyl alcohol yielded the products with a higher enantiomeric ratio. A substrate with two different alkyl groups on the phosphorus atom could also participate in the substitution reaction to give the corresponding products in good yields with excellent selectivity. The molecular structures of one of the substrates and the corresponding products, determined by X-ray analyses, proved that the substitution reaction at the phosphorus atom proceeded with inversion of the absolute configuration. The usefulness of the reaction was demonstrated by using it to prepare a drug candidate for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Finally, thionation of the resulting phosphinates was carried out to form P-chirogenic phosphinothioates.
Topics: Stereoisomerism; Molecular Structure; Alcohols; Phosphorus; Esterification
PubMed: 35261188
DOI: 10.1002/open.202100294 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Nov 2019It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the...
It has been reported that wet foods for dogs and cats have high levels of sodium and phosphorus due to their composition. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the sodium and phosphorus contents in wet pet foods, and compare it to daily requirements for both species. Twenty-five commercial wet foods for adult animals were evaluated, 13 for dogs and 12 for cats. The analyses' results were compared to the European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF 2018) recommendations. All foods contained phosphorus and sodium amounts above minimum requirements. Three wet foods for dogs exceeded the safe upper limit for phosphorus, and four wet foods for dogs and three for cats exceeded 3.75 g of sodium/1,000 kcal metabolizable energy (ME), considered safe by FEDIAF. No studies were found at the present time evaluating whether higher sodium levels are safe for dogs and cats; however, consumption of high phosphorus diets has been associated with adverse effects on renal function parameters. Therefore, more studies are necessary to investigate the health implications of phosphorus and sodium concentrations observed in some foods evaluated in this research.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cats; Dogs; Nutritive Value; Phosphorus; Sodium
PubMed: 31273944
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.183 -
Ambio Nov 2020Diffusive losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural areas have detrimental effects on freshwater and marine ecosystems. Mitigation measures treating drainage... (Review)
Review
Diffusive losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from agricultural areas have detrimental effects on freshwater and marine ecosystems. Mitigation measures treating drainage water before it enters streams hold a high potential for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus losses from agricultural areas. To achieve a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges characterising current and new drainage mitigation measures in oceanic and continental climates, we reviewed the nitrate and total phosphorus removal efficiency of: (i) free water surface constructed wetlands, (ii) denitrifying bioreactors, (iii) controlled drainage, (iv) saturated buffer zones and (v) integrated buffer zones. Our data analysis showed that the load of nitrate was substantially reduced by all five drainage mitigation measures, while they mainly acted as sinks of total phosphorus, but occasionally, also as sources. The various factors influencing performance, such as design, runoff characteristics and hydrology, differed in the studies, resulting in large variation in the reported removal efficiencies.
Topics: Agriculture; Ecosystem; Nitrogen; Nutrients; Phosphorus
PubMed: 32494964
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-020-01345-5 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2022Freshwater ecosystems are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH), and their emissions are expected to increase due to eutrophication. Two commonly...
Freshwater ecosystems are an important source of the greenhouse gas methane (CH), and their emissions are expected to increase due to eutrophication. Two commonly applied management techniques to reduce eutrophication are the addition of phosphate-binding lanthanum modified bentonite (LMB, trademark Phoslock©) and dredging, but their effect on CH emissions is still poorly understood. Here, this study researched how LMB and dredging affected CH emissions using a full-factorial mesocosm design monitored for 18 months. The effect was tested by measuring diffusive and ebullitive CH fluxes, plant community composition, methanogen and methanotroph activity and community composition, and a range of physicochemical water and sediment variables. LMB addition decreased total CH emissions, while dredging showed a trend towards decreasing CH emissions. Total CH emissions in all mesocosms were much higher in the summer of the second year, likely because of higher algal decomposition and organic matter availability. First, LMB addition lowered CH emissions by decreasing P-availability, which reduced coverage of the floating fern Azolla filiculoides, and thereby prevented anoxia and decreased surface water NH concentrations, lowering CH production rates. Second, dredging decreased CH emissions in the first summer, possibly it removed the methanogenic community, and in the second year by preventing autumn and winter die-off of the rooted macrophyte Potamogeton cripsus. Finally, methanogen community composition was related to surface water NH and O, and porewater total phosphorus, while methanotroph community composition was related to organic matter content. To conclude, LMB addition and dredging not only improve water quality, but also decrease CH emissions, mitigating climate change.
Topics: Bentonite; Ecosystem; Greenhouse Gases; Lakes; Lanthanum; Methane; Phosphates; Phosphorus
PubMed: 35882339
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157584 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Through excellent absorption and transformation, the macrophyte () can considerably remove phosphorus from wastewater. The results of changes in growth rate,...
Through excellent absorption and transformation, the macrophyte () can considerably remove phosphorus from wastewater. The results of changes in growth rate, chlorophyll content, and roots number and length showed that could cope better with high phosphorus stress compared with low phosphorus stress. Transcriptome and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analyses revealed that, when exposed to phosphorus stresses at various concentrations, the roots were more active than the leaves, with more DEGs regulated. also showed different gene expression and pathway regulatory patterns when exposed to low phosphorus and high phosphorus stresses. 's capacity to cope with phosphorus stress was maybe due to its improved ability to regulate metabolic pathways such as photosynthesis, oxidative stress reduction, phosphorus metabolism, signal transduction, secondary metabolites biosynthesis, and energy metabolism. In general, has a complex and interconnected regulatory network that deals efficiently with phosphorus stress to varying degrees. This is the first time that the mechanisms of in sustaining phosphorus stress have been fully examined at the transcriptome level using high-throughput sequencing analysis, which may indicate the direction of follow-up research and have some guiding value for its future applications.
Topics: Transcriptome; Phosphorus; Nitrogen; Saxifragales; Wastewater
PubMed: 36902302
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054874 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022The structure of phosphorus-containing dendrimers has been studied by IR spectroscopy and optical polarization microscopy. The repeating units of dendrimer molecules are...
The structure of phosphorus-containing dendrimers has been studied by IR spectroscopy and optical polarization microscopy. The repeating units of dendrimer molecules are mesogens. This property arises from the conjugation of the aromatic ring and the hydrazone group. An analysis of the IR spectra showed that, with an increase in the generation number, the width of the stretching vibration bands ν(PN) and ν(PO) increases. Difficulties in packing molecules of higher generations cause conformational diversity. The shape of the dendrimer molecules was determined by analyzing the increments of dipole moments. Additionally, the modeling of the stacking of repeating links was performed. The spherical model of molecules does not satisfy the experimental dipole moments of the dendrimers. The flat disk model is more suitable for explaining step changes in dipole moments. The liquid-crystalline ordering of dendrimers under the action of applied pressure was found. With simultaneous heating and uniaxial compression, optical anisotropy appears in dendrimers. It is associated with the formation of liquid-crystalline order. However, a thermodynamically stable liquid-crystalline phase is not formed in this case. Dendrimers most likely have disk-shaped molecules.
Topics: Phosphorus; Dendrimers; Liquid Crystals; Molecular Conformation; Spectrophotometry, Infrared
PubMed: 36500305
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238214 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are... (Review)
Review
Phosphonates are compounds containing a direct carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bond, which is particularly resistant to chemical and enzymatic degradation. They are environmentally ubiquitous: some of them are produced by microorganisms and invertebrates, whereas others derive from anthropogenic activities. Because of their chemical stability and potential toxicity, man-made phosphonates pose pollution problems, and many studies have tried to identify biocompatible systems for their elimination. On the other hand, phosphonates are a resource for microorganisms living in environments where the availability of phosphate is limited; thus, bacteria in particular have evolved systems to uptake and catabolize phosphonates. Such systems can be either selective for a narrow subset of compounds or show a broader specificity. The role, distribution, and evolution of microbial genes and enzymes dedicated to phosphonate degradation, as well as their regulation, have been the subjects of substantial studies. At least three enzyme systems have been identified so far, schematically distinguished based on the mechanism by which the C-P bond is ultimately cleaved-i.e., through either a hydrolytic, radical, or oxidative reaction. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular systems and pathways that serve to catabolize phosphonates, as well as the regulatory mechanisms that govern their activity.
Topics: Humans; Organophosphonates; Lyases; Bacteria; Phosphorus; Phosphates
PubMed: 37836707
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196863 -
BMC Plant Biology Feb 2023Low phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors in sustainable cotton production. However, little is known about the performance of contrasting low P tolerant cotton...
Low phosphorus (P) is one of the limiting factors in sustainable cotton production. However, little is known about the performance of contrasting low P tolerant cotton genotypes that might be a possible option to grow in low P condition. In the current study, we characterized the response of two cotton genotypes, Jimian169 a strong low P tolerant, and DES926 a weak low P tolerant genotypes under low and normal P conditions. The results showed that low P greatly inhibited growth, dry matter production, photosynthesis, and enzymatic activities related to antioxidant system and carbohydrate metabolism and the inhibition was more in DES926 as compared to Jimian169. In contrast, low P improved root morphology, carbohydrate accumulation, and P metabolism, especially in Jimian169, whereas the opposite responses were observed for DES926. The strong low P tolerance in Jimian169 is linked with a better root system and enhanced P and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that Jimian169 is a model genotype for cotton breeding. Results thus indicate that the Jimian169, compared with DES926, tolerates low P by enhancing carbohydrate metabolism and by inducing the activity of several enzymes related to P metabolism. This apparently causes rapid P turnover and enables the Jimian169 to use P more efficiently. Moreover, the transcript level of the key genes could provide useful information to study the molecular mechanism of low P tolerance in cotton.
Topics: Phosphorus; Plant Breeding; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Photosynthesis; Genotype
PubMed: 36792994
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04100-6 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2022Extreme daily values of precipitation (1939-2021), discharge (1991-2021), phosphorus (P) load (1994-2021), and phycocyanin, a pigment of Cyanobacteria (June 1-September...
Extreme daily values of precipitation (1939-2021), discharge (1991-2021), phosphorus (P) load (1994-2021), and phycocyanin, a pigment of Cyanobacteria (June 1-September 15 of 2008-2021) are clustered as multi-day events for Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Long-range dependence, or memory, is the shortest for precipitation and the longest for phycocyanin. Extremes are clustered for all variates and those of P load and phycocyanin are most strongly clustered. Extremes of P load are predictable from extremes of precipitation, and precipitation and P load are correlated with later concentrations of phycocyanin. However, time delays from 1 to 60 d were found between P load extremes and the next extreme phycocyanin event within the same year of observation. Although most of the lake's P enters in extreme events, blooms of Cyanobacteria may be sustained by recycling and food web processes.
Topics: Phosphorus; Phycocyanin; Cyanobacteria; Lakes; Wisconsin
PubMed: 36409916
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214343119