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International Journal of Infectious... Jun 2022
Topics: Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Malawi; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 35257902
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.004 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024In 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study for polio virus seroprevalence in Guangdong province, China. We assessed the positivity rates of poliomyelitis NA and GMT...
In 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study for polio virus seroprevalence in Guangdong province, China. We assessed the positivity rates of poliomyelitis NA and GMT in serum across various demographic groups, and the current findings were compared with pre-switch data from 2014. Using multistage random sampling method, four counties/districts were randomly selected per city, and within each, one general hospital and two township hospitals were chosen. Healthy individuals coming for medical checkups or vaccination were invited. A total of 1318 individual samples were collected and tested. In non-newborn population, age-dependent positivity rates ranged from 77.8% to 100% for PV1 NA and 70.3% to 98.9% for PV3 NA ( < .01). The lowest GMT values for both types (17.03 and 8.46) occurred in the 20 to <30 years age group, while peak GMTs for PV1 and PV3 were observed in 1 to <2 (340.14) and 0 to <1-year (168.90) age groups, respectively. GMTs for PV1 ( = .002) and PV3 ( = .007) in Eastern Guangdong were lower than those in the other three regions. Male participants showed higher GMTs than females ( = .016 and .033, respectively). In newborn population, both males and females showed higher PV1 NA positivity rates and GMTs compared to PV3 ( < .05). Post-switch PV3 NA positivity rates were higher than pre-switch rates ( = .016). GMTs of both PV1 and PV3 were significantly higher post-switch ( < .001). The positivity rates of NAs and GMTs remain high level, which play an important role in resisting poliomyelitis infection. Effect of the converted immunization program was more pronounced than that before.
Topics: Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Male; Poliovirus; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Poliomyelitis; China; Hospitals, General
PubMed: 38189143
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2300156 -
Vaccine Sep 2022To meet the demand for effective and affordable inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs), a reduced dose, aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH))-adjuvanted IPV vaccine was developed... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Persistence of protective anti-poliovirus antibody levels in 4-year-old children previously primed with Picovax®, a trivalent, aluminium-adjuvanted reduced dose inactivated polio vaccine.
BACKGROUND
To meet the demand for effective and affordable inactivated polio vaccines (IPVs), a reduced dose, aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH))-adjuvanted IPV vaccine was developed (IPV-Al, Picovax®) and evaluated in clinical trials. The present trial is an extension of two previous trials (a primary and a booster trial). The aim was to evaluate the persistence of seroprotective antibodies (poliovirus type-specific antibody titre ≥ 8) in 4-year-old children who previously received IPV-Al as primary and booster vaccine doses and to determine the potential booster response and safety profile of an additional dose of IPV-Al.
METHODS
Children participating in the two previous trials were invited to receive one additional dose of IPV-Al at 4 years of age (2.5 years after the booster dose) and to have their blood samples collected to measure the pre- and post-vaccination antibody titres. Systemic adverse events (AEs) and local reactogenicity were recorded.
RESULTS
At study entry, the seroprotection rates were 89.2%, 100% and 91.1% against poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The additional vaccination with IPV-Al boosted the level of poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3 antibodies to above the seroprotection threshold for all but one subject, i.e., 99.4% for type 1 and 100% for types 2 and 3. The additional dose induced a robust booster response of a 26.3-, 13.9- and 30.9-fold increase in titre for poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The vaccine was well tolerated, with only mild and transient AEs reported.
CONCLUSIONS
The present trial demonstrated that the primary vaccination with an aluminium-adjuvanted reduced dose IPV induced a persistent immune memory as evidenced by the robust anamnestic response when the subjects were re-exposed to the antigen 2.5 years after the last dose. Thus, the IPV-Al is an efficient and safe addition to increase the availability of inactivated polio vaccines globally. (ClinicalTrials.gov reg no. NCT04448132).
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Aluminum; Antibodies, Viral; Child, Preschool; Humans; Immunization, Secondary; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
PubMed: 36064670
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.084 -
Der Nervenarzt Apr 2023Viral diseases of the nervous system are ancient and poliomyelitis was described in Egypt as early as 2000 BC. They can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms,... (Review)
Review
Viral diseases of the nervous system are ancient and poliomyelitis was described in Egypt as early as 2000 BC. They can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, such as meningitis, encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré-like syndrome and stroke, often leaving mild to severe residuals. Depending on the pathogen, the symptoms appear quickly within hours, or lead to increasing chronic symptoms within 1 week or months. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was newly identified in January 2020 and occurs worldwide, illustrates the sequelae of a phenomenon that has been known for centuries, the possible rapid spread of pathogen-related infectious diseases. Due to vaccination programs some pathogens are becoming rarer or are considered to be eradicated. Nevertheless, vaccination programs, especially in the poorer regions, are repeatedly interrupted, for example by wars. The most recent example is the interruption of vaccination against poliomyelitis in Ukraine. As life expectancy continues to rise and years of life lost to infectious diseases decrease, the new infectious disease threat is likely to come from emerging and re-emerging infections; however, according to a recent analysis of population data from 29 countries, life expectancy during the corona pandemic has decreased, e.g., by 28 months in the USA and by 6 months in Germany. Climate change, rapid urbanization and changing land-use patterns could increase the risk in the coming decades. In particular, the climate change can alter the spectrum of global pathogens and especially vector-borne infections can spread to new areas. A sustained increase in travel, trade and mobility enables the pathogens to spread quickly.
Topics: Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Virus Diseases; Communicable Diseases; Poliomyelitis; Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 36943464
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-023-01452-0 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Apr 2023
Topics: Humans; Afghanistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Immunization Programs; Disease Eradication; Pakistan
PubMed: 37052028
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.7499 -
Vaccine Nov 2021The global polio eradication initiative has made giant stride by achieving a 99% reduction in Wild poliovirus (WPV) cases, with Nigeria on the verge of being declared...
BACKGROUND
The global polio eradication initiative has made giant stride by achieving a 99% reduction in Wild poliovirus (WPV) cases, with Nigeria on the verge of being declared polio-free following over 36 months without a WPV. The initiative has provided multiple resources, assets and lessons learnt that could be transitioned to other public health challenges, including improving the quality and vaccination coverage of measles campaigns in order to reduce the incidences of measles in Nigeria. We documented the polio legacy and assets used to support the national measles campaign in 2017/2018.
METHODS
We documented the integration of the measles campaign coordination with the Polio Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) at national and state levels for planning and implementing the measles SIA. Specific polio strategies and assets, such as the EOC incident command framework and facilities, human resource surge capacity, polio GIS resource These strategies were adapted and adopted for the MVC implementation overcome challenges and improve vaccination coverage. We evaluated the performance through a set process and outcome indicators.
RESULTS
All the 36 states and Federal Capital Territory used the structure and resources in Nigeria and provided counterpart financing for the MVC 2017/ 2018. The 11 polio high-risk states deployed the use of GIS for microplanning process, while daily call-in data were tracked in 99.7% of the LGAs and 70,846 reports were submitted real-time by supervisors using Open data kit (ODK). The national coverage achieved was 87.5% by the post-campaign survey with 65% of states reporting higher coverage in 2018 compared to 2015.
CONCLUSION
Polio eradication assets and lessons learned can be applied to measles elimination efforts as the eradication and elimination efforts have similar strategies and programme implementation infrastructure needs. Leveraging these strategies and resources to support MVC planning and implementation resulted in more realistic planning, improved accountability and availability of human and fiscal resources. This approach may have resulted in better MVC outcomes and contributed to Nigeria's efforts in measles control and elimination.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunization Programs; Measles; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 33962837
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.040 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Apr 2023Pakistan and Afghanistan pose risks for international transmission of polioviruses as the last global reservoir for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and a reservoir for...
Pakistan and Afghanistan pose risks for international transmission of polioviruses as the last global reservoir for wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and a reservoir for type 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV2s). Widespread transmission of WPV1 and cVDPV2 in 2019-2020 and resumption of intensive supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) in 2020-2021 using oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) led to decreased transmission of WPV1 and cVDPV2 as of the end of 2021. Using an established dynamic disease transmission model, we explore multiple bounding scenarios with varying intensities of SIAs using bivalent OPV (bOPV) and/or trivalent tOPV (tOPV) to characterize potential die out of transmission. This analysis demonstrates potential sets of actions that may lead to elimination of poliovirus transmission in Pakistan and/or Afghanistan. Some modeled scenarios suggest that Pakistan and Afghanistan could increase population immunity to levels high enough to eliminate transmission, and if maintained, achieve WPV1 and cVDPV2 elimination as early as 2022. This requires intensive and proactive OPV SIAs to prevent transmission, instead of surveillance followed by reactive outbreak response. The reduction of cases observed in 2021 may lead to a false sense of security that polio has already or soon will die out on its own, but relaxation of immunization activities runs the risk of lowering population immunity to, or below, the minimum die-out threshold such that transmission continues. Transmission modeling may play a key role in managing expectations and supporting future modeling about the confidence of no virus circulation in anticipation of global certification decisions.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 35739080
DOI: 10.1111/risa.13983 -
Health and Quality of Life Outcomes Sep 2020To generate high-quality evidence, contextually relevant outcome measurement instruments are required. Quality of life evaluation among polio survivors typically... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
To generate high-quality evidence, contextually relevant outcome measurement instruments are required. Quality of life evaluation among polio survivors typically involves the use of generic instruments, which are developed and validated among a different groups of people. There is no clear evidence whether these instruments are appropriate for the measurement of quality of life among polio survivors in northwest Nigeria. The purpose of this review is to identify and select a pre-existing instrument that is best suited for the measurement of quality of life among polio survivors in northwest Nigeria.
METHODS
Using the findings of a previous scoping review of the literature and qualitative descriptive study, we screened 11 quality of life instruments that are used in polio literature. We identified and selected the most appropriate instrument, which reflected the perspectives of polio survivors in northwest Nigeria and at the same time exhibited good measurement properties.
RESULTS
The Quality of Life Index, World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief, and Comprehensive Quality of Life Scale are consistent with the perspectives of polio survivors in northwest Nigeria and have satisfactory measurement properties. Among these instruments, the Quality of Life Index satisfied most of the screening criteria we employed and is suitable for cross-cultural adaptation in northwest Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
Most instruments that are employed to evaluate the quality of life of polio survivors were not primarily designed as a measure of quality of life. To select the appropriate instrument, there is a need to consider and reflect the perspectives of the individuals, to improve the validity of the measurement.
Topics: Cross-Cultural Comparison; Humans; Male; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Psychometrics; Quality of Life; Reproducibility of Results; Surveys and Questionnaires; Survivors; Translations
PubMed: 32958050
DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01552-4 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... May 2022In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Since then, wild poliovirus (WPV) cases have decreased approximately...
In 1988, the World Health Assembly established the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Since then, wild poliovirus (WPV) cases have decreased approximately 99.99%, and WPV types 2 and 3 have been declared eradicated. Only Afghanistan and Pakistan have never interrupted WPV type 1 (WPV1) transmission. This report describes global progress toward polio eradication during January 1, 2020-April 30, 2022, and updates previous reports (1,2). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.* Five WPV1 cases were reported from Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2021, compared with 140 in 2020. In 2022 (as of May 5), three WPV1 cases had been reported: one from Afghanistan and two from Pakistan. WPV1 genetically linked to virus circulating in Pakistan was identified in Malawi in a child with paralysis onset in November 2021. Circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs), with neurovirulence and transmissibility similar to that of WPV, emerge in populations with low immunity following prolonged circulation of Sabin strain oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) (3). During January 2020-April 30, 2022, a total of 1,856 paralytic cVDPV cases were reported globally: 1,113 in 2020 and 688 in 2021, including cases in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2022 (as of May 5), 55 cVDPV cases had been reported. Intensified programmatic actions leading to more effective outbreak responses are needed to stop cVDPV transmission. The 2022-2026 GPEI Strategic Plan objective of ending WPV1 transmission by the end of 2023 is attainable (4). However, the risk for children being paralyzed by polio remains until all polioviruses, including WPV and cVDPV, are eradicated.
Topics: Child; Disease Eradication; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 35552352
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7119a2 -
MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly... Jan 2021On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (1). On March...
On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (1). On March 24, 2020, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) suspended all polio supplementary immunization activities and recommended the continuation of polio surveillance (2). In April 2020, GPEI shared revised polio surveillance guidelines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which focused on reducing the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, to health care workers and communities by modifying activities that required person-to-person contact, improving hand hygiene and personal protective equipment use practices, and overcoming challenges related to movement restrictions, while continuing essential polio surveillance functions (3). GPEI assessed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on polio surveillance by comparing data from January to September 2019 to the same period in 2020. Globally, the number of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases reported declined 33% and the mean number of days between the second stool collected and receipt by the laboratory increased by 70%. Continued analysis of AFP case reporting and stool collection is critical to ensure timely detection and response to interruptions of polio surveillance.
Topics: COVID-19; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Disease Eradication; Feces; Global Health; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccines; Population Surveillance
PubMed: 33382673
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm695152a4