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Global Health, Science and Practice Feb 2022Despite the negative impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on polio eradication efforts, ensuring the high coverage of polio immunization and high performance of...
Despite the negative impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on polio eradication efforts, ensuring the high coverage of polio immunization and high performance of surveillance are essential to maintaining Indonesia’s polio-free status and the reaching the 2023 global polio eradication target.
Topics: COVID-19; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Indonesia; Pandemics; Poliomyelitis
PubMed: 35294381
DOI: 10.9745/GHSP-D-21-00310 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Aug 2019
Topics: Angola; Cholera Vaccines; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Disease Outbreaks; Drugs, Essential; Global Health; HIV Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Immunization Programs; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Public Health; Trachoma; World Health Organization
PubMed: 31384068
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.19.010819 -
Bulletin of the World Health... Nov 2019
Topics: Global Health; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Humans; Poliomyelitis; Public Health; Universal Health Insurance; Vaccination
PubMed: 31673186
DOI: 10.2471/BLT.19.011119 -
Annals of the Academy of Medicine,... Jan 2023
Topics: Humans; Poliomyelitis; Vaccination
PubMed: 36730798
DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.20236 -
Malawi Medical Journal : the Journal of... Sep 2022
Topics: Humans; Malawi; Poliomyelitis; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 36406100
DOI: 10.4314/mmj.v34i3.14 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Feb 2021Beginning in 2013, multiple local government areas (LGAs) in Borno and Yobe in northeast Nigeria and other parts of the Lake Chad basin experienced a violent insurgency...
Beginning in 2013, multiple local government areas (LGAs) in Borno and Yobe in northeast Nigeria and other parts of the Lake Chad basin experienced a violent insurgency that resulted in substantial numbers of isolated and displaced people. Northeast Nigeria represents the last known reservoir country of wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in Africa, with detection of paralytic cases caused by serotype 1 WPV in 2016 in Borno and serotype 3 WPV in late 2012. Parts of Borno and Yobe are also problematic areas for transmission of serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and they continue to face challenges associated with conflict and inadequate health services in security-compromised areas that limit both immunization and surveillance activities. We model poliovirus transmission of all three serotypes for Borno and Yobe using a deterministic differential equation-based model that includes four subpopulations to account for limitations in access to immunization services and dynamic restrictions in population mixing. We find that accessibility issues and insufficient immunization allow for prolonged poliovirus transmission and potential undetected paralytic cases, although as of the end of 2019, including responsive program activities in the modeling suggest die out of indigenous serotypes 1 and 3 WPVs prior to 2020. Specifically, recent and current efforts to access isolated populations and provide oral poliovirus vaccine continue to reduce the risks of sustained and undetected transmission, although some uncertainty remains. Continued improvement in immunization and surveillance in the isolated subpopulations should minimize these risks. Stochastic modeling can build on this analysis to characterize the implications for undetected transmission and confidence about no circulation.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Poliovirus Vaccines; Risk Assessment; Vaccination
PubMed: 32348621
DOI: 10.1111/risa.13485 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Jul 2021Polio is a disabling and potentially deadly disease caused by a wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Polio is a disabling and potentially deadly disease caused by a wild poliovirus and vaccine-derived poliovirus. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current situation of polio in Ethiopia.
METHOD
Relevant scientific articles on Polio were searched from different data bases and websites.
RESULTS
The first wild poliovirus in Ethiopia was detected in 1999, followed by detection of few cases in 2000 and 2001. No wild poliovirus was detected in Ethiopia for the next 3 years (2001-2003). However, the disease resurged again in the country between 2004 and 2008 due to challenge to provide sufficient oral poliovirus vaccine coverage, migration and cross border economic activities and lack of good acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. After almost 5 years with no wild polio virus, Ethiopia again affected by polio outbreak importation in 2013. However, due to multiple supplementary immunization activities campaigns of improved quality and enhanced surveillance, the outbreak was eventually successfully interrupted within 6 months of confirmation. The most recent emergence of polio in Ethiopia has seen in this year (2020) six years after the country documented zero polio cases since 2014. The cause of the resurgence of the disease is circulating vaccine derived polio virus-2. Currently, Ethiopia has been conducting outbreak response by declaring Mop-up campaigns since September 2020.
CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, it can be recommended that: - 1. The country has to completely shift from oral polio virus vaccine to inactivated polio vaccine so that the risk of vaccine derived polio will be diminished; 2. Ethiopia has to strengthen the mop up campaign that it has started in September 2020 following the reemergence of the disease in the country; 3. Ethiopia has to strengthen surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis in order to rapidly detect any new virus importation and to facilitate a rapid response.
Topics: Ethiopia; Humans; Paralysis; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 34703190
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v31i4.25 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023
Topics: Humans; Nigeria; Poliomyelitis; Global Health; Disease Eradication; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Immunization Programs; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38370100
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.41049 -
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal =... Jul 2022The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) promised to eradicate polio by 2000, yet the disease remains endemic in 2 countries. The current threat of resurgence in countries with low vaccine coverage and circulating vaccinederived poliovirus (cVDPV) outbreaks due to oral polio vaccine warrants a strategy review.
AIMS
To review the performance of the GPEI from a context based in Pakistan, identifying threats to success and suggesting strategy modifications to help achieve eradication.
METHODS
This was a desk review of the effectiveness of GPEI that was launched in 1988 to eradicate polio by 2000. Subsequent failure to eradicate led to multiple iterations in strategy and planning documents. These documents were reviewed alongside relevant literature to explore the reasons for failure and emergence of cVDPV.
RESULTS
GPEI has been effective in reducing the global polio disease burden by > 99%, but it remains endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. cVDPV has caused multiple outbreaks since 2000, and caused 7 times more cases than wild poliovirus (WPV) globally in 2020. The Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 aimed to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously. In 2019, Pakistan saw an upsurge in WPV amid an outbreak of cVDPV infection that continued throughout 2020. Wild polio eradication was not realized and the country was unable to transition to inactivated polio vaccine as predicted in the strategic plan.
CONCLUSION
Over 20 countries now report cVDPV outbreaks and many others are at risk. A country-specific modified strategy is required to eradicate WPV and cVDPV simultaneously, more so in endemic countries.
Topics: Disease Eradication; Disease Outbreaks; Global Health; Humans; Immunization Programs; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral
PubMed: 35959667
DOI: 10.26719/emhj.22.045 -
Postgraduate Medical Journal Nov 2022On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years....
On 22 June 2022, the UK Health Security Agency declared a 'rare national incidence' after finding poliovirus in sewage in London for the first time in nearly 40 years. Although no cases of the disease or accompanying paralysis have been documented, the general public's risk is considered minimal. However, public health experts recommend that families are up to date on their polio vaccines to decrease the chance of harm. This article discusses the epidemiology of poliovirus by examining the aetiology of the disease and current mitigation policies implemented to prevent the spread of type 2 vaccine-deceived poliovirus in the UK. Finally, by examining the clinical features of polio, which range from mild gastroenteritis episodes, respiratory sickness, malaise and severe paralysis type, this article offers an advice on particular therapies and tactics to avoid poliovirus outbreaks and other future outbreaks.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus; Sewage; Poliomyelitis; Paralysis; United Kingdom
PubMed: 36126982
DOI: 10.1136/pmj-2022-142103