-
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in... (Review)
Review
is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in clinical settings is attributed to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Biofilm is an architecture built mostly by autogenic extracellular polymeric substances which function as a scaffold to encase the bacteria together on surfaces, and to protect them from environmental stresses, impedes phagocytosis and thereby conferring the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence. Here we review the current knowledge on biofilms, its development stages, and molecular mechanisms of invasion and persistence conferred by biofilms. Explosive cell lysis within bacterial biofilm to produce essential communal materials, and interspecies biofilms of and commensal which impedes virulence and possibly improves disease conditions will also be discussed. Recent research on diagnostics of infections will be investigated. Finally, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of biofilms along with their advantages and limitations will be compiled.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing
PubMed: 33212950
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228671 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to... (Review)
Review
is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to cause chronic infections. The adaptability and flexibility of the pathogen are afforded by the extensive number of virulence factors it has at its disposal, providing with the facility to tailor its response against the different stressors in the environment. A deep understanding of these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the design of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against this multi-resistant pathogen. Therefore, this review describes the main virulence factors of and the adaptations it undergoes to persist in hostile environments such as the CF respiratory tract. The very large genome (5 to 7 MB) contributes considerably to its adaptive capacity; consequently, genomic studies have provided significant insights into elucidating evolution and its interactions with the host throughout the course of infection.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Lung; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33803907
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063128 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Nov 2019Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially in cystic fibrosis patients. Due to its natural resistance to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilms, infection with this pathogen can cause severe therapeutic problems. In recent years, metabolomic studies of P. aeruginosa have been performed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed recent achievements in the use of metabolomics methods in bacterial identification, differentiation, the interconnection between genome and metabolome, the influence of external factors on the bacterial metabolome and identification of new metabolites produced by P. aeruginosa. All of these studies may provide valuable information about metabolic pathways leading to an understanding of the adaptations of bacterial strains to a host environment, which can lead to new drug development and/or elaboration of new treatment and diagnostics strategies for Pseudomonas.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genome, Bacterial; Host Microbial Interactions; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 31701321
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2739-1 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2022Carbapenem-resistant (CR-PA) is a major healthcare-associated pathogen worldwide. In the United States, 10-30% of isolates are carbapenem-resistant, while globally the... (Review)
Review
Carbapenem-resistant (CR-PA) is a major healthcare-associated pathogen worldwide. In the United States, 10-30% of isolates are carbapenem-resistant, while globally the percentage varies considerably. A subset of carbapenem-resistant isolates harbour carbapenemases, although due in part to limited screening for these enzymes in clinical laboratories, the actual percentage is unknown. Carbapenemase-mediated carbapenem resistance in is a significant concern as it greatly limits the choice of anti-infective strategies, although detecting carbapenemase-producing in the clinical laboratory can be challenging. Such organisms also have been associated with nosocomial spread requiring infection prevention interventions. The carbapenemases present in vary widely by region but include the Class A beta-lactamases, KPC and GES; metallo-beta-lactamases IMP, NDM, SPM, and VIM; and the Class D, OXA-48 enzymes. Rapid confirmation and differentiation among the various classes of carbapenemases is key to the initiation of early effective therapy. This may be accomplished using either molecular genotypic methods or phenotypic methods, although both have their limitations. Prompt evidence that rules out carbapenemases guides clinicians to more optimal therapeutic selections based on local phenotypic profiling of non-carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant . This article will review the testing strategies available for optimizing therapy of infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35240944
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2048972 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Sep 2020Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to... (Review)
Review
Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Biofilms; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Phage Therapy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 32998720
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00389-5 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2020is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide...
is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide variety of environments including soil and water, it can readily be found in almost any human/animal-impacted environment. It is a major cause of illness and death in humans with immunosuppressive and chronic conditions, and infections in these patients are difficult to treat due to a number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the organism's propensity to form multicellular biofilms.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Biological Evolution; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence
PubMed: 31597590
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000860 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases,... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, in immunocompromised hosts, such as neutropenic cancer, burns, and AIDS patients. Furthermore, causes diseases in both livestock and pets. The highly flexible and versatile genome of allows it to have a high rate of pathogenicity. The numerous secreted virulence factors, resulting from its numerous secretion systems, the multi-resistance to different classes of antibiotics, and the ability to produce biofilms are pathogenicity factors that cause numerous problems in the fight against infections and that must be better understood for an effective treatment. Infections by represent, therefore, a major health problem and, as resistance genes can be disseminated between the microbiotas associated with humans, animals, and the environment, this issue needs be addressed on the basis of an One Health approach. This review intends to bring together and describe in detail the molecular and metabolic pathways in 's pathogenesis, to contribute for the development of a more targeted therapy against this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genomics; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34884697
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312892 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2019In human pathophysiology, the clash between microbial infection and host immunity contributes to multiple diseases. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a classical example of this... (Review)
Review
In human pathophysiology, the clash between microbial infection and host immunity contributes to multiple diseases. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a classical example of this phenomenon, wherein a dysfunctional, hyperinflammatory immune response combined with chronic pulmonary infections wreak havoc upon the airway, leading to a disease course of substantial morbidity and shortened life span. is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly infects the CF lung, promoting an accelerated decline of pulmonary function. Importantly, exhibits significant resistance to innate immune effectors and to antibiotics, in part, by expressing specific virulence factors (e.g., antioxidants and exopolysaccharides) and by acquiring adaptive mutations during chronic infection. In an effort to review our current understanding of the host-pathogen interface driving CF pulmonary disease, we discuss (i) the progression of disease within the primitive CF lung, specifically focusing on the role of host versus bacterial factors; (ii) critical, neutrophil-derived innate immune effectors that are implicated in CF pulmonary disease, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antimicrobial peptides (e.g., LL-37); (iii) virulence factors and adaptive mutations that enable evasion of the host response; and (iv) ongoing work examining the distribution and colocalization of host and bacterial factors within distinct anatomical niches of the CF lung.
Topics: Cystic Fibrosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31142499
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00138-18 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Aug 2021Capturing the heterogeneous phenotypes of microbial populations at relevant spatiotemporal scales is highly challenging. Here, we present par-seqFISH (parallel...
Capturing the heterogeneous phenotypes of microbial populations at relevant spatiotemporal scales is highly challenging. Here, we present par-seqFISH (parallel sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization), a transcriptome-imaging approach that records gene expression and spatial context within microscale assemblies at a single-cell and molecule resolution. We applied this approach to the opportunistic pathogen , analyzing about 600,000 individuals across dozens of conditions in planktonic and biofilm cultures. We identified numerous metabolic- and virulence-related transcriptional states that emerged dynamically during planktonic growth, as well as highly spatially resolved metabolic heterogeneity in sessile populations. Our data reveal that distinct physiological states can coexist within the same biofilm just several micrometers away, underscoring the importance of the microenvironment. Our results illustrate the complex dynamics of microbial populations and present a new way of studying them at high resolution.
Topics: Biofilms; Fimbriae Proteins; Flagellin; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Phenotype; Plankton; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocins; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Messenger; Single-Cell Analysis; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Transcriptome; Virulence
PubMed: 34385369
DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4882 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Nov 2019In a multicenter, observational, propensity-score-weighted cohort of 249 adults with uncomplicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, patients receiving short-course... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
In a multicenter, observational, propensity-score-weighted cohort of 249 adults with uncomplicated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia, patients receiving short-course (median, 9 days; interquartile range [IQR], 8-10) therapy had a similar odds of recurrent infection or death within 30 days as those receiving longer courses (median, 16 days; IQR, 14-17).
Topics: Aged; Bacteremia; Cefepime; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 30882137
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz223