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Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2022Non-typhoidal Salmonellae are important foodborne bacterial pathogens that can cause bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and subsequent infection. The aim of the study was to...
Prevalence and molecular characterization of typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from meat and environmental samples of retail shops of Lahore Punjab, Pakistan.
Non-typhoidal Salmonellae are important foodborne bacterial pathogens that can cause bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and subsequent infection. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella in the live bird market and retail shops of Lahore (Pakistan). A total of 720 samples of chicken meat, chopping board, cages, hands, and transportation vans were collected. Salmonella was recovered from 103 (14.36%) samples. The highest prevalence (33.33%) was found in transportation van samples followed by chicken meat samples (17.26%). In the towns of Lahore, the highest prevalence was found in Samanabad Town (19%) followed by Data Ganj Bakhsh Town (17%) with the lowest in Gulberg Town (6.9%). Salmonella Typhimurium was most common (35.92%) followed by S. Enteritidis (25.24%), S. Dublin (14.56%), S. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (8.74%), and untyped Salmonella species (15.53%). This was the first baseline study of the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella at the live bird market and retail shops of Lahore. Implementation of appropriate control measures is required at both the human side and poultry food production chain to reduce the burden and transmission of the zoonotic Salmonellae.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pakistan; Prevalence; Meat; Salmonella typhimurium; Transportation
PubMed: 37303147
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2392.14037.1 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2022Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were...
Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), leaf methanolic (ArM), leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC values exhibited in ranged from 7.937 × 10 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC of 7.645 × 10 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. , which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.
PubMed: 35265313
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2294120 -
Archives of Razi Institute Apr 2023Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is...
Pullorum disease (PD) is one of the most common diseases in the world, with devastating consequences. In the chicken sector, there have been financial losses. It is brought on by ; definitive detection requires culture followed by biochemistry analysis and serotyping. This study aimed to verify the presence of bacteria by culture, biochemical characterization, PCR assay, and sequencing. One hundred samples were collected from 12 broiler chicken flocks of different ages for 8districts of Baghdad province, including cloacal swabs (65), visceral organs (15), and dropping (20). Salmonella colonies were identified by selective culture broth and agar with biochemical description for 75% of the total samples, with a higher incidence in visceral organs than dropping and cloacal swabs. ،The Sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA gene for representative Salmonella isolates. The presence of Salmonella isolates in global genetic strains; was revealed a matching NCBI isolates similarity of 99.02% with (MF445124.1) and 98% with (MH352164.1), respectively. In the current state of molecular and genetic research, phlyogentic research announced the real presence of in Baghdadprovince's broiler chicken, also showing the phylogentic characteristics and links to some global isolates. The detection of in broiler flocks of the current study extent of health risks to other uninfected birds present in the free range.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Phylogeny; Iraq; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 37396728
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.359468.2424 -
Poultry Science Jan 2023Fowl typhoid is a severe disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum with considerable mortality and morbidity in laying hen farms. The current study has focused on...
Fowl typhoid is a severe disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum with considerable mortality and morbidity in laying hen farms. The current study has focused on controlling the infection in laying hens using anti-Salmonella spp. bacteriophage. The treatments included, PC, without challenge; NC, S. Gallinarum challenged (SGC); B5, 5 mg bacteriophage/kg + SGC; B10, 10 mg bacteriophage/kg + SGC. The Salmonella shedding, inflammatory responses, and gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, toll-like receptor (TLR), and heat shock protein (HSP) in the jejunum, liver, and thigh muscle were tested in laying hens. Supplementation of bacteriophage reduced the abundance of S. Gallinarum in the excreta at d 3, 7, and 14. The abundance of S. Gallinarum was lower in the B10 than the B5 at d 7. Supplementation of bacteriophage decreased the abundance of S. Gallinarum in the oviduct, spleen, and cecum at d 14. The laying hens in the NC group showed an increased relative spleen weight compared with the PC and B10 treatments. Among the SGC treatments, the NC treatment showed higher gene expressions of IL-4 compared with the B5, higher gene expressions of interferon (IFNγ), TLR4, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared with the B5 and B10, and higher gene expressions of HSP27 compared with the B10 in the jejunum. Dietary supplementation of B10 decreased the mRNA expressions of TLR4 and TNF-α compared with the B5 treatment in the jejunum. The NC treatment showed the highest gene expressions of HSP27, TLR4, and TNF-α in the liver. Dietary supplementation of B10 showed lower mRNA expressions of HSP27 compared with the B5 treatment in the liver. Moreover, the IFNγ and HSP27 were upregulated in the NC treatment compared with the B5 and B10 in the muscle. In conclusion, it can be suggested that bacteriophage is an effective supplement to control S. Gallinarum infection in laying hens and possibly lower horizontal contaminations in laying hen flocks.
Topics: Animals; Female; Chickens; Salmonella Phages; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Toll-Like Receptor 4; HSP27 Heat-Shock Proteins; Bacteriophages; RNA, Messenger; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 36463778
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102296 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2021Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological...
Antimicrobial resistance and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes of collected ser. Gallinarum isolates were investigated to examine the epidemiological relationship between field outbreak isolates of ser. Gallinarum. Thirty ser. Gallinarum isolates collected from poultry farms with FT outbreaks from 2013 to 2018 in South Korea were analyzed. All isolates were resistant to at least 3 of the 18 antimicrobials tested and exhibited an MDR phenotype. All isolates showed resistance to streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and colistin. One isolate was resistant to 9 antimicrobials. The antimicrobial resistance profile, streptomycin-sulfisoxazole-colistin-nalidixic acid-ciprofloxacin-gentamicin (18/30, 60.0%), was the most prevalent. PFGE types were classified into 10 groups with a 100% correlation cutoff in dendrograms for 30 field isolates. The dominant PFGE types were 1 (8/30, 26.7%), 4 (7/30, 23.3%), and 9 (5/30, 16.7%). Interestingly some isolates collected from the same and different companies had the same PFGE type. We reported a high MDR rate in ser. Gallinarum isolates. The present study highlights the occurrence of horizontal spread and cyclic contamination of MDR ser. Gallinarum within the same company. Furthermore, we showed cross-contamination between different companies. The characterization of these isolates would be helpful in the development of prevention and control strategies for MDR ser. Gallinarum infection in South Korea.
PubMed: 35011189
DOI: 10.3390/ani12010083 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses...
serovar Gallinarum (. Gallinarum) is a host-specific pathogen causing fowl typhoid, a severe systemic infection in poultry, which leads to substantial economic losses due to high morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. However, less is known about the pathogenic characteristics and mechanism of . Gallinarum-induced systemic infection in chickens. In this study, we deleted the . Gallinarum UDP--acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase gene, which contributes to the biosynthesis of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA), and studied the pathogenicity of this ::Cm strain in a chicken model of systemic infection. The ::Cm mutant strain showed comparable growth but lower resistance to bile acid and nalidixic acid than the wild-type strain . In the oral infection model of chickens, the virulence of the ::Cm strain was significantly attenuated . Chickens infected with wild-type strain showed typical clinical signs and pathological changes of fowl typhoid and died between 6 and 9 days post-infection, and the bacteria rapidly disseminated to systemic organs and increased in the livers and spleens. In contrast, the ::Cm mutant strain did not cause chicken death, there were no significant clinical changes, and the bacterial numbers in the liver and spleen of the chickens were significantly lower than those of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. In addition, the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and CXCLi1 in the livers of ::Cm-infected chickens was significantly lower than that of the chickens infected with the wild-type strain. Furthermore, the attenuated ::Cm strain could persistently colonize the liver and spleen at low levels for up to 25 days post-infection and could induce a protective immune response in the chickens. These results indicate that the gene is an important virulence factor of . Gallinarum in the chicken model of systemic infection, and the avirulent ::Cm mutant could possibly be used as a live-attenuated vaccine strain for controlling fowl typhoid.
PubMed: 35694286
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.880932 -
BMC Veterinary Research Aug 2020Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen, and chickens are one of its main hosts. Every year, Salmonella infections pose a serious threat to the poultry industry in...
BACKGROUND
Salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen, and chickens are one of its main hosts. Every year, Salmonella infections pose a serious threat to the poultry industry in developing countries, especially China. In this study, a total of 84 Salmonella isolates recovered from sick and healthy-looking chickens in central China were characterized by serotyping, MLST-based strain typing, presence of potential virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance profiles.
RESULT
Data showed that the main serotypes of Salmonella isolates in central China were Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum, Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and among them, S. Pullorum was the dominant type in both sick and healthy-looking chickens, accounting for 43.9 and 46.5%, respectively, while S. Enteritidis was only found in healthy-looking chickens. All isolates exhibited higher resistance rates to ampicillin (97.6%), tetracycline (58.3%) and colistin (51.2%), and among these isolates, 49.5% were resistant to more than three drugs in different combinations. S. Enteritidis was the most severe multidrug-resistant serotype, which showed higher resistance rates to colistin, meropenem and ciprofloxacin. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that S. Gallinarum and S. Enteritidis isolates were clustered in clade 1, which belonged to two and one STs, respectively. All S. Typhimurium isolates were clustered in clade 3, and belonged to three STs. However, S. Pullorum were distributed in three clades, which belonged to 7 STs. Twenty-seven virulence-associated genes were detected, and expected cdtB, which was absent in all the isolates, the other 26 genes were conserved in the closely related Salmonella serogroup D (S. Enteritidis, S. Pullorum, and S. Gallinarum).
CONCLUSION
Salmonella serogroup D was the major subgroup, and S. Pullorum was the most common type in sick and healthy-looking chickens in central China. Drug resistance assays showed serious multiple antimicrobial resistances, and S. Enteritidis was the most severe drug-resistant serotype. MLST showed that there was correlation between serotypes and genotypes in most Salmonella isolates, except S. Pullorum, which showed complicated genetic diversity firstly. These results provide important epidemiological information for us to control Salmonella in chickens.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Serogroup; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32819384
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02513-1 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide....
serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish Gallinarum and Pullorum biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate Gallinarum and Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of Pullorum and Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the and genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate Gallinarum Pullorum, and being included as a reference gene for the genus. analysis showed that the gene is present in all serovars, except for Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in was found only in Pullorum compared to other serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish Gallinarum Pullorum among 75 various strains and 43 various non- pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated Gallinarum Pullorum from other different serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of Pullorum and Gallinarum.
PubMed: 36147848
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Most cases of chicken salmonellosis are caused by serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which lead to a significant morbidity and fatality rate. Although...
Most cases of chicken salmonellosis are caused by serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, which lead to a significant morbidity and fatality rate. Although the conventional Kaufmann-White scheme is the reliable method for the serotyping of , it does not distinguish between closely related biotypes like . Pullorum and . Gallinarum. Herein, we conducted a single one-step multiplex PCR assay that can identify and distinguish between . Pullorum and . Gallinarum in an accurate manner. This PCR method was based on three genes, including for . Pullorum identification, for . Gallinarum identification, and as the genus-level reference gene for . By comparing . Pullorum to . Gallinarum and other serovars of study revealed that only the former has a deletion of 126 bp-region in the carboxyl terminus of . The gene does not exist in . Gallinarum. However, it is present in all other serotypes. The multiplex PCR approach utilizes unique sets of primers that are intended to specifically target these three different genes. The established PCR method was capable of distinguishing between the biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the 29 distinct serotypes as well as the 50 distinct pathogens that are not , showing excellent specificity and exclusivity. The minimal amount of bacterial cells required for PCR detection was 100 CFU, while the lowest level of genomic DNA required was 27.5 pg/μL for both . Pullorum and . Gallinarum. After being implemented on the clinical isolates collected from a poultry farm, the PCR test was capable of distinguishing the two biovars Pullorum and Gallinarum from the other strains. The findings of the PCR assay were in line with those of the traditional serotyping and biochemical identification methods. This new multiplex PCR could be used as a novel tool to reinforce the clinical diagnosis and differentiation of . Pullorum and . Gallinarum, particularly in high-throughput screening situations, providing the opportunity for early screening of infections and, as a result, more effective management of the illness among flocks.
PubMed: 37476820
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1220118 -
Poultry Science Aug 2023Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S....
Significant differences in pathogenicity between Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Gallinarum exist despite the fact that S. Gallinarum is a direct descendant of S. Enteritidis. It was hypothesized that such various properties may be in part the result of differences in structure and functions of type 1 fimbriae (T1Fs). In S. Enteritidis, T1Fs bind to oligomannosidic structures carried by host cell glycoproteins and are called mannose-sensitive T1Fs (MST1F). In S. Gallinarum, T1Fs lost ability to bind such carbohydrate chains, and were named mannose-resistant MRT1Fs (MRT1F). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of MST1Fs and MRT1Fs in the adhesion, invasion, intracellular survival and cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum toward chicken intestinal CHIC8-E11cells and macrophage-like HD11 cells. Using mutant strains: S. Enteritidis fimH::kan and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan devoid of T1Fs and in vitro assays the following observations were made. MST1Fs have a significant impact on the chicken cell invasion by S. Enteritidis as MST1F-mediated adhesion facilitates direct and stable contact of bacteria with host cells, in contrast to MRT1Fs expressed by S. Gallinarum. MST1Fs as well as MRT1Fs did not affected intracellular viability of S. Enteritidis and S. Gallinarum. However, absolute numbers of intracellular viable wild-type S. Enteritidis were significantly higher than S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant and wild-type S. Gallinarum and S. Gallinarum fimH::kan mutant. These differences, reflecting the numbers of adherent and invading bacteria, underline the importance of MST1Fs in the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis infections. The cytotoxicity of wild-type S. Enteritidis and its mutant devoid of MST1Fs to HD11 cells was essentially the same, despite the fact that the number of viable intracellular bacteria was significantly lower in the mutated strain. Using HD11 cells with similar number of intracellular wild-type S. Enteritidis and S. Enteritidis fimH::kan mutant, it was found that the lack of MST1Fs did not affect directly the cytotoxicity, suggesting that the increase in cytotoxicity of S. Enteritidis devoid of MST1Fs may be associated with crosstalk between T1Fs and other virulence factors.
Topics: Animals; Salmonella enteritidis; Mannose; Chickens; Glycoproteins; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 37356296
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102833