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Microbiology and Molecular Biology... Dec 2013Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to... (Review)
Review
Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S. Typhi, S. Dublin, and S. Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S. Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S. Kentucky and S. Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Salmonella; Salmonella enterica; Virulence
PubMed: 24296573
DOI: 10.1128/MMBR.00015-13 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences May 2022Infections caused by remain a major public health problem worldwide. Animal food products, including poultry meat and eggs, are considered essential components in the...
Infections caused by remain a major public health problem worldwide. Animal food products, including poultry meat and eggs, are considered essential components in the individual's daily nutrition. However, chicken continues to be the main reservoir for spp. Poultry farmers use several types of antibiotics to treat pathogens. This can pose a health risk as pathogens can build antibiotic resistance in addition to the possibility of accumulation of these antibiotics in food products. The use of phages in treating poultry pathogens is increasing worldwide due to its potential use as an effective alternative to antibiotics. Phages have several advantages over antibiotics; phages are very specific to target bacteria, less chances of developing secondary infections, and they only replicate at the site of infection. Here we report the isolation of a bacteriophage from chicken feces. The isolated bacteriophage hosts on Gallinarum, a common zoonotic infection that causes fowl typhoid, known to cause major losses to poultry sector. The isolated bacteriophage was partially characterized as a DNA virus resistant to RNase digestion with approximately 20 Kb genome. SDS-PAGE analysis of total viral proteins showed at least five major bands (21, 28, 42, 55 and 68 kDa), indicating that this virus is relatively small compared to other known poultry phages. The isolated bacteriophage has the potential to be an alternative to antibiotics and possibly reducing antibiotic resistance in poultry farms.
PubMed: 35844409
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.007 -
Veterinary Research Sep 2021Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream...
Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Enteritidis (SE) and Gallinarum (SG) cause different diseases in chickens. However, both are able to reach the blood stream where heterophils and monocytes are potentially able to phagocytose and kill the pathogens. Using an ex vivo chicken whole blood infection model, we compared the complex interactions of the differentially host-adapted SE and SG with immune cells in blood samples of two White Leghorn chicken lines showing different laying performance (WLA: high producer; R11: low producer). In order to examine the dynamic interaction between peripheral blood leucocytes and the Salmonella serovars, we performed flow cytometric analyses and survival assays measuring (i) leucocyte numbers, (ii) pathogen association with immune cells, (iii) Salmonella viability and (iv) immune gene transcription in infected whole blood over a four-hour co-culture period. Inoculation of blood from the two chicken lines with Salmonella led primarily to an interaction of the bacteria with monocytes, followed by heterophils and thrombocytes. We found higher proportions of monocytes associated with SE than with SG. In blood samples of high producing chickens, a decrease in the numbers of both heterophils and Salmonella was observed. The Salmonella challenge induced transcription of interleukin-8 (IL-8) which was more pronounced in SG- than SE-inoculated blood of R11. In conclusion, the stronger interaction of monocytes with SE than SG and the better survivability of Salmonella in blood of low-producer chickens shows that the host-pathogen interaction and the strength of the immune defence depend on both the Salmonella serovar and the chicken line.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Female; Leukocytes; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enteritidis
PubMed: 34563266
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00994-y -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide....
serovar Gallinarum biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum cause severe chicken salmonellosis, a disease associated with high mortality and morbidity among chickens worldwide. The conventional serotyping and biochemical reactions have been used to identify serovars. However, the conventional methods are complicated, time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. Furthermore, it is challenging to distinguish Gallinarum and Pullorum biochemical assays and serotyping because of their antigenic similarity. Although various PCR methods were established, a PCR protocol to detect and discriminate Gallinarum and Pullorum simultaneously is lacking. Herein, a one-step multiplex PCR method was established for the accurate identification and discrimination of Pullorum and Gallinarum. Three specific genes were used for the multiplex PCR method, with the and genes being the key targets to identify and differentiate Gallinarum Pullorum, and being included as a reference gene for the genus. analysis showed that the gene is present in all serovars, except for Gallinarum, and could therefore be used for the identification of Gallinarum. A 68-bp sequence deficiency in was found only in Pullorum compared to other serovars, and this could therefore be used for the specific identification of Pullorum. The developed PCR assay was able to distinguish Gallinarum Pullorum among 75 various strains and 43 various non- pathogens with excellent specificity. The detection limit for the genomic DNA of Gallinarum and Pullorum was 21.4 pg./μL, and the detectable limit for bacterial cells was 100 CFU. The developed PCR method was used for the analysis of isolates in a chicken farm. This PCR system successfully discriminated Gallinarum Pullorum from other different serovars. The PCR results were confirmed by the conventional serotyping method. The newly established multiplex PCR is a simple, accurate, and cost-effective method for the timely identification and differentiation of Pullorum and Gallinarum.
PubMed: 36147848
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.983942 -
Scientific Data Aug 2022Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most importantly, the parameters contributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum variants are not well documented. Therefore, in this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum during 1945-2021. In total, 201 studies were identified for qualitative analysis (>900 million samples). The meta-analysis was subjected to over 183 screened studies. The global prevalence of S. Gallinarum (percentage of positive samples in total samples) was 8.54% (95% CI: 8.43-8.65) and showed a V-shaped recovery over time. Pullorum disease is most common in Asia, particularly in eastern China. Further investigations on chicken origin samples revealed significant differences in S. Gallinarum prevalence by gender, breed, raising mode, economic use, and growth stage, indicating a critical role of vertical transmission. Together, this study offered an updated, evidence-based dataset and knowledge regarding S. Gallinarum epidemics, which might significantly impact decision-making policy with targeted interventions.
Topics: Animals; Datasets as Topic; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35963862
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01605-x -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2000Scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely... (Review)
Review
Scientific knowledge of ostrich diseases is incomplete and very fragmented, with specific details on technical aspects of diagnostic and/or screening tests completely absent in most cases. Salmonella Typhimurium is common in multispecies collections and causes mortality in chicks younger than three months on commercial farms, but is rarely found in chicks older than six months, or slaughter birds of twelve to fourteen months in southern Africa. Campylobacter jejuni and Chlamydia psittaci are occasionally reported, mainly in young ostriches, but both remain a diagnostic challenge. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever is transmitted to domestic animals including ostriches, principally by ticks of the genus Hyalomma. In the ostrich, the disease causes no clinical symptoms during a viraemia of approximately four days. Spongiform encephalopathy has not been reliably reported in ostriches, while anthrax has occurred rarely in modern times but was reportedly an important cause of death approximately 100 years ago in South Africa. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are unknown in ostriches. Pasteurella multocida occurs but is easily contained with antibiotics. Mycoplasma spp. are regularly found in an upper respiratory disease syndrome complicated by opportunistic bacterial pathogens. Ostriches of all ages are susceptible to challenge by velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), but standard inactivated La Sota poultry vaccines can stimulate protective immunity lasting over six months. The viraemic period in vaccinated slaughter ostriches is between nine and eleven days and there are no indications of a carrier state or presence of the virus in the meat or any other tissues after this period, with peak immunoglobulin G response reached on day fourteen post infection. Haemagglutination inhibition tests are significantly less sensitive and less specific than enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Cloacal and choanal swabs used for direct virological screening in clinically affected cases (field and experimental) could not detect NDV. All avian influenza isolates reported from ostriches have been non-pathogenic to poultry, even the H5 and H7 subtypes. Some of the latter have been associated with mortality of ostrich chicks in localised outbreaks during periods of inclement weather and with significant wild bird (waterfowl) contact. Borna disease causes a nervous syndrome in ostrich chicks, but to date, has only been reported in Israel. Eastern and Western equine encephalomyelitides cause fatal disease in ostriches and other ratites, with mortality ranging from less than 20% to over 80% in affected flocks. These diseases are present in North, Central and South America where the associated ornithophilic mosquito vectors occur. Equine and human vaccines are apparently safe and efficacious in ratites. Wesselsbron disease, infectious bursal disease (type 2), adenovirus and coronavirus infections have been reported from ostriches but the significance of these diseases is unclear. Due to the paucity of data regarding ostrich diseases and the unvalidated state of most poultry tests in this unique group of birds, strict observation of a pre-slaughter quarantine of thirty days is strongly advised, whilst live exports and fertile eggs should be screened through the additional use of sentinel chickens and/or young ostriches.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Poultry Diseases; Struthioniformes; Virus Diseases; Zoonoses
PubMed: 10935285
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.2.1235 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2022infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
PubMed: 36006320
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023subsp. serovar Gallinarum (G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic... (Review)
Review
subsp. serovar Gallinarum (G) has two distinct biovars, Pullorum and Gallinarum. They are bacterial pathogens that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds, causing severe systemic diseases known as fowl typhoid (FT) and Pullorum disease (PD), respectively. The virulence mechanisms of biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are multifactorial, involving a variety of genes and pathways that contribute to their pathogenicity. In addition, these serovars have developed resistance to various antimicrobial agents, leading to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. Due to their economic and public health significance, rapid and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective control and prevention of these diseases. Conventional methods, such as bacterial culture and serological tests, have been used for screening and diagnosis. However, molecular-based methods are becoming increasingly important due to their rapidity, high sensitivity, and specificity, opening new horizons for the development of innovative approaches to control FT and PD. The aim of this review is to highlight the current state of knowledge on biovars Gallinarum and Pullorum, emphasizing the importance of continued research into their pathogenesis, drug resistance and diagnosis to better understand and control these pathogens in poultry farms.
PubMed: 38247582
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13010023 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and...
The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and hepatitis resulting in severe liver injury. Natural compounds have been proved beneficial for the treatment of these bacterial infections. The beneficial roles of cinnamaldehyde due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have been determined by many researchers. However, alleviation of liver damage caused by infection to young chicks by cinnamaldehyde remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ameliorating liver damage in young chicks. Young chicks were intraperitoneally infected with and treated with cinnamaldehyde orally. Liver and serum parameters were investigated by qRT-PCR, ELISA kits, biochemistry kits, flow cytometry, JC-1 dye experiment, and transcriptome analysis. We found that ROS, cytochrome c, mitochondrial membrane potential (m), caspase-3 activity, ATP production, hepatic CFU, ALT, and AST, which were initially increased by infection, significantly ( < 0.05) decreased by cinnamaldehyde treatment at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (DPI). In addition, infection significantly increased proinflammatory gene expression (, , , , , and ) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes (, , and ); however, cinnamaldehyde reverted these effects at 1, 3, and 5 DPI. Transcriptome analysis showed that modulates certain genes of the AMPK-mTOR pathway for its survival and replication, and these pathway modulations were reversed by cinnamaldehyde treatment. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis by suppressing NF-K/caspase-3 pathway and reverts the metabolic changes caused by infection via modulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties against challenged young chicks and can be a candidate novel drug to treat salmonellosis in poultry production.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Acrolein; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Chickens; Hepatocytes; Oxidative Stress; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 35847587
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2459212 -
Veterinary Sciences Apr 2021Gallinarum is one of the most important bacterial pathogens associated with diminished egg production in poultry. The aim of this study was to understand the...
Gallinarum is one of the most important bacterial pathogens associated with diminished egg production in poultry. The aim of this study was to understand the occurrence, molecular traits and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Gallinarum strains isolated from small-scale commercial layer flocks with low level biosecurity standards in Bangladesh. A total of 765 samples, including cloacal swabs (535), visceral organs (50), and droppings (180), were collected from chickens of 12 layer flocks in 11 districts. Gallinarum was isolated and characterized through culture-based method, followed by biochemical tests, sero-grouping, PCR assays, sequencing, and antibiogram. The identity of biochemically detected isolates of Gallinarum was confirmed via genus-specific 16S rRNA gene based PCR, followed by A and C genes based PCR assays. Occurrence of Gallinarum was detected in overall 25.75% (197/765) samples, with a significantly ( < 0.05) higher incidence in visceral organs (42%) in comparison to cloacal swab (24%) and droppings (26%). Sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of A and C genes in representative strains of Gallinarum revealed a close genetic lineage, with a sequence similarity of 98.05-99.21% and 97.51-99.45%, respectively, to previously published sequences of the corresponding genes from the same serogroup strains. Remarkably, 66.5% (131/197) of the isolated strains of Gallinarum were found to be resistant to 3 to 6 antimicrobial agents, and interpreted as multidrug resistant (MDR). The findings of this study underscore an inherent need of appropriate control measures to curb the widespread incidence of MDR Gallinarum in small-scale commercial layer flocks, thereby, facilitating enhanced egg production and further support to the food security and safety in low resource settings.
PubMed: 33922826
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8050071