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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2019Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells...
Gallinarum only infects avian species, where it causes a severe systemic infection in birds of all ages. It is generally accepted that interaction with phagocytic cells plays an important role in the development of systemic, host-specific infections. The current study detailed the interaction of . Gallinarum with macrophages derived from chicken (HD11) and cattle (Bomac) compared to interaction of the broad host range serovar, Typhimurium and the cattle adapted serovar Dublin. Results showed a weaker invading ability of . Gallinarum in both kinds of macrophages, regardless whether the bacteria were opsonized or not before infections. However, opsonization of . Gallinarum by chicken serum increased its intracellular survival rate in chicken macrophages. No significant induction of nitrogen oxide was observed in the infected HD11 cells within the first 6 h, and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were similar among the three serovars. . Gallinarum infection was associated with low cell deaths in both chicken and cattle macrophages, whereas . Dublin only induced a comparable high level of cell death in chicken macrophages, but not in macrophages of its preferred host species (Bomac) compared to host generalist . Typhimurium. . Gallinarum-infected HD11 macrophages exhibited low induction of pro-inflammation genes [interleukin (IL)1β, CXCLi1, and CXCLi2] compared to the two other serovars, and contrary to the other serovars, it did not induce significant downregulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and TLR5. In infection of 1-week-old chicken, a significant upregulation of the TLR4 and TLR5 genes in the spleen was observed in . Gallinarum-infected chickens, but not in . Typhimurium-infected chicken at 5 days post-infections. Taken together, results show that . Gallinarum infection of macrophages was characterized by low uptake and low cytotoxicity, possibly allowing long-term persistence in the intracellular environment, and it caused a low induction of pro-inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chickens; Cytokines; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Interleukin-1beta; Macrophages; Nitric Oxide; Poultry Diseases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella typhimurium; Serogroup; Toll-Like Receptors
PubMed: 31998655
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00420 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021is a poultry restricted-pathogen causing fowl-typhoid disease in adult birds with mortality rates up-to 80% and exhibit resistance against commonly used antibiotics. In...
is a poultry restricted-pathogen causing fowl-typhoid disease in adult birds with mortality rates up-to 80% and exhibit resistance against commonly used antibiotics. In this current study, a temperate broad host range bacteriophage SGP-C was isolated against from poultry digesta. It showed infection ability in all the 15 tested field strains of . The SGP-C phage produced circular, turbid plaques with alternate rings. Its optimum activity was observed at pH 7.0 and 37-42°C, with a latent period of 45 min and burst size of 187 virions/bacterial cell. The SGP-C lysogens, and exhibited super-infection immunity against the same phage, an already reported feature of lysogens. A virulence index of 0.5 and 0.001 as MV50 of SGP-C suggests its moderate virulence. The genome of SGP-C found circular double stranded DNA of 42 Kbp with 50.04% GC content, which encodes 63 ORFs. The presence of repressor gene at ORF49, and absence of tRNA sequence in SGP-C genome indicates its lysogenic nature. Furthermore, from NGS analysis of lysogens we propose that SGP-C genome might exist either as an episome, or both as integrated and temporary episome in the host cell and warrants further studies. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its similarity with temperate phages belonging to family . The encoded proteins by SGP-C genome have not showed homology with any known toxin and virulence factor. Although plenty of lytic bacteriophages against this pathogen are already reported, to our knowledge SGP-C is the first lysogenic phage against reported so far.
PubMed: 35095790
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.768931 -
Biology Feb 2023Phage therapy is widely being reconsidered as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including salmonellosis caused...
Phage therapy is widely being reconsidered as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including salmonellosis caused by . As facultative intracellular parasites, could spread by vertical transmission and pose a great threat to both human and animal health; however, whether phage treatment might provide an optional strategy for controlling bacterial vertical infection remains unknown. Herein, we explored the effect of phage therapy on controlling the vertical transmission of serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum ( Pullorum), a poultry pathogen that causes economic losses worldwide due to high mortality and morbidity. A phage CKT1 with lysis ability against several serovars was isolated and showed that it could inhibit the proliferation of Pullorum in vitro efficiently. We then evaluated the effect of phage CKT1 on controlling the vertical transmission of Pullorum in an adult broiler breeder model. The results demonstrated that phage CKT1 significantly alleviated hepatic injury and decreased bacterial load in the liver, spleen, heart, ovary, and oviduct of hens, implying that phage CKT1 played an active role in the elimination of colonization in adult chickens. Additionally, phage CKT1 enabled a reduction in the -specific IgG level in the serum of infected chickens. More importantly, the decrease in the Pullorum load on eggshells and in liquid whole eggs revealed that phage CKT1 effectively controlled the vertical transmission of Pullorum from hens to laid eggs, indicating the potential ability of phages to control bacterial vertical transmission.
PubMed: 36829587
DOI: 10.3390/biology12020312 -
Poultry Science Feb 2023Salmonella Pullorum is one of the most important avian pathogenic bacteria due to widespread outbreaks accompanied by high mortality. It has been demonstrated that the...
Salmonella Pullorum is one of the most important avian pathogenic bacteria due to widespread outbreaks accompanied by high mortality. It has been demonstrated that the Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine strain Sm24/Rif12/Ssq is able to induce cross-immunity protection against Salmonella Gallinarum and Salmonella Infantis, however, it is unknown whether this vaccine is effective against Salmonella Pullorum infection. In the present study, the Hubbard parent chickens were orally administrated this vaccine at 1-day-old, 40-day-old, and 131-day-old respectively, and challenged by Salmonella Pullorum at 157-day-old to evaluate the protective effect of the Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine strain Sm24/Rif12/Ssq. After each vaccination, the vaccine strain could be recovered from cloacal swabs within a week, whereas no vaccine strain was re-isolated from environmental samples throughout the experiment. Vaccination for the breeder chickens with Salmonella Enteritidis Sm24/Rif12/Ssq could relieve swollen liver (P = 0.0066) caused by Salmonella Pullorum infection and decrease Salmonella Pullorum colonization level in spleen (P = 0.0035), whereas no significant difference was found in the bacterial counts of liver, ovary and oviduct of vaccinated chickens. These results suggested that the Salmonella Enteritidis live vaccine strain Sm24/Rif12/Ssq was high safety and effective against Salmonella Pullorum infection to a certain extent.
Topics: Female; Animals; Salmonella enteritidis; Chickens; Salmonella Vaccines; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Vaccines, Attenuated; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 36470026
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102308 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020We investigated the prevalence of salmonellosis on 17 poultry breeding farms in nine Chinese provinces (Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan,...
We investigated the prevalence of salmonellosis on 17 poultry breeding farms in nine Chinese provinces (Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Chongqing). Altogether, 3,508 samples from poultry breeding farms were collected in 2019, including 1,400 from cloaca swabs, 210 from feed, 1,688 from chicken embryos, and 210 from water. All the samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and culture, and bacterial species were identified by polymerase chain reaction. Serotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and drug-resistance phenotyping were performed on the isolates identified as . Altogether, 126 strains were detected in the 3,508 samples and the positivity rate for the samples was 3.59%. Among all the strains, 95 Salmonella isolates were selected for antimicrobial susceptibility test, resistance gene detection, serotyping, and genotyping. (57/95, 60.00%), (22/95, 23.16%), and (16/95, 16.84%) serotypes were identified. The MLST classification showed that the 95 strains fell into the following five sequence types (STs): ST92 (37/95, 38.95%), ST11 (22/95, 23.16%), ST2151 (19/95, 20.00%), ST13 (16/95, 16.84%), and ST470 (1/95, 1.05%). Apart from ST13, the other four STs shared close genetic relationships, and the genetic direction was ST11-ST470-ST92-ST2151. The resistance rates in the 95 isolates were 100% (95/95) for erythromycin, 68.42% (65/95) for tetracycline, and 53.68% (51/95) for streptomycin and ampicillin, respectively. The isolates were sensitive to polymyxin and sulfamethoxazole. Multi-drug resistance was seen in 70.53% (67/95) of the isolates. β-lactam-, aminoglycoside- and sulfonamide-encoding resistance genes were detected by PCR. The detection rate for and was 100% (95/95), whereas and had rates of 52.63 and 23.16%, respectively. These results indicate that some of the salmonellosis seen in Chinese breeding chicken farms may be caused by infection with , and . They also show that some isolates have multi-drug resistance phenotypes and carry multi-drug resistance genes.
PubMed: 32903795
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00479 -
Poultry Science Nov 2019Salmonella laboratorial detection is usually carried out by bacteriological culture and serological methods. Salmonella isolates are then classified into more than 2,650...
Salmonella laboratorial detection is usually carried out by bacteriological culture and serological methods. Salmonella isolates are then classified into more than 2,650 serotypes with different somatic (O) and flagellar (H) antigenic combinations. More recently, DNA analysis methods were developed and applied for the identification of Salmonella serotypes, including intergenic spacer regions (ISRs) that separates DNA-encoding ribosomal subunits (rRNA gene) in Salmonella genomes. The present study aimed to evaluate the nucleotide diversity of the ISRs in 2 rRNA operons (rrnB and rrnH) for the assignment of Salmonella serotypes. A total of 63 Salmonella isolates (bacterial cultures) from 21 serotypes were obtained in the period of 2014 to 2017. DNA was extracted, and PCRs were used to detect the genus Salmonella and 4 important serotypes: Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Heidelberg, and Typhimurium. ISRs of the operons rrnB and rrnH were amplified by PCR and then sequenced. All sequence results were submitted to BLASTn search and were aligned in comparison to 72 Salmonella reference nucleotide sequences. The results demonstrated that 60 (95.2%) samples returned a sequence of the same serotype (determined by the traditional serological procedure) after searching in BLASTn and/or in the alignment with the reference sequences for both operons (rrnB and rrnH). These PCR-sequencing procedures had a general agreement index of 0.792 based on the Kappa analysis, 98.7% sensitivity value, 100% specificity, and 98.4% accuracy. Three different phylogenetic trees were generated from the alignments with the sequences of rrnH, rrnB, and rrnH plus rrnB and isolates clustered in specific branches according to the serotypes.
Topics: DNA, Intergenic; Operon; RNA, Ribosomal; Salmonella; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Serogroup; Serotyping
PubMed: 31134273
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez285 -
Journal of Food Protection Aug 2019serovar Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis of humans in the United States. Commercially processed poultry carcasses are frequently...
serovar Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of nontyphoidal gastroenteritis of humans in the United States. Commercially processed poultry carcasses are frequently contaminated with serovar Kentucky in the United States. The aim of the study was to detect the virulence plasmid containing the genes from isolates recovered from commercially processed chicken carcasses. A total of 144 isolates ( Typhimurium, = 72 and Kentucky, = 72) were used for isolation of plasmids and detection of corresponding virulence genes ( and ). Only four (5.5%) Typhimurium isolates tested positive for all three virulence genes and hence were classified as possessing the virulence plasmid. All isolates of Kentucky were negative for the virulence plasmid and genes. These results indicate that the virulence plasmid, which is very common among clinical isolates of Typhimurium and other serovars (e.g., Enteritidis, Dublin, Choleraesuis, Gallinarum, Pullorum, and Abortusovis), may not be present in a significant portion of commercially processed chicken carcass isolates.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Food Microbiology; Humans; Plasmids; Salmonella enterica; Salmonella typhimurium; United States; Virulence
PubMed: 31322922
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-552 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2020Gallinarum is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes fowl typhoid, a septicemic disease with high morbidity and mortality that affects all ages of chickens. Although...
Gallinarum is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes fowl typhoid, a septicemic disease with high morbidity and mortality that affects all ages of chickens. Although vaccines and antimicrobials have been used nationwide to eradicate the disease, the malady is still prevalent in Korea. In this study, we investigated the virulence and genetic variation of 116 . Gallinarum isolates from laying hens between 2014 and 2018. A total of 116 isolates were divided into five Gallinarum Sequence Types (GST) through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) subtyping method. The GSTs displayed changes over time. The 116 isolates showed no difference in virulence gene distribution, but the polyproline linker (PPL) length of the SpvB, one of the virulence factors of spp., served as an indicator of . Gallinarum pathogenicity. The most prevalent PPL length was 22 prolines (37.9%). The shortest PPL length (19 prolines) was found only in isolates from 2014 and 2015. However, the longest PPL length of 24 prolines appeared in 2018. This study indicates that PPLs of Gallinarum in Korea tend to lengthen over time, so the pathogenic potency of the bacteria is increasing. Moreover, the transition of GST was associated with PPL length extension over time. These results indicate that surveillance of changing GST and PPL length are necessary in the monitoring of . Gallinarum isolates.
PubMed: 33317043
DOI: 10.3390/ani10122346 -
Food Microbiology Oct 2020Humans are mostly contaminated by Salmonella through the consumption of pork- and poultry-derived food products. Therefore, a strict monitoring of Salmonella serotypes...
Humans are mostly contaminated by Salmonella through the consumption of pork- and poultry-derived food products. Therefore, a strict monitoring of Salmonella serotypes in food-producing animals is needed to limit the transmission of the pathogen to humans. Additionally, Salmonella can lead to economic loss in the food sector. Previously, a genoserotyping method using the MOL-PCR and Luminex technology was developed for the identification of the 6 Salmonella serotypes, and their variants, subjected to an official control in the Belgian food sector. In this study, 3 additional assays using the same technology were developed for the rapid and cost-effective detection of 13 dangerous highly invasive serotypes or other serotypes frequently isolated from the Belgian poultry and pork sector, i.e. Agona, Anatum, Brandenburg, Choleraesuis, Derby, Enteritidis vaccine strains, Gallinarum var. Gallinarum/Pullorum, Livingstone, Mbandaka, Minnesota, Ohio, Rissen and Senftenberg. Moreover, the previously developed first MOL-PCR assay was improved for S. Paratyphi B and serogroup O:3 detection. Finally, a Decision Support System hosted by a web application was created for an automatic and objective interpretation of the Luminex raw data. The 3 new assays and the modifications of the first assay were validated with a 100% accuracy, using 553 Salmonella and non-Salmonella strains in total.
Topics: Animals; Belgium; Decision Support Techniques; Food Microbiology; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pork Meat; Poultry; Reproducibility of Results; Salmonella; Serogroup; Swine; Time Factors
PubMed: 32539977
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103534 -
Parasites & Vectors Oct 2020The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder...
Evidence of vector borne transmission of Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Gallinarum and fowl typhoid disease mediated by the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778).
BACKGROUND
The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) is a major ectoparasite of poultry. Infestations are found in most laying hen farms in Europe, and breeder flocks have also been reported to be affected. Mite infestation has detrimental effects on animal welfare, it causes significant economic losses, and, additionally, D. gallinae is often considered as a vector for pathogens. Despite suspicion of a close relationship between the poultry red mite and Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (serovar Gallinarum), the causative agent of fowl typhoid disease (FT), there has been no definitive proof of mite-mediated transmission. Therefore, an investigation was conducted to determine if D. gallinae-mediated transmission of serovar Gallinarum could be demonstrated among four different hen groups.
METHODS
Two groups of 8 hens (A and B) were experimentally infected with serovar Gallinarum in two isolators. After 7 days, when birds showed signs of FT, about 25,000 mites were introduced. After 3 days, mites were harvested and used to infest two other hen groups of 8 (C and D), in two separate isolators. The health status of hens was constantly monitored; detection and quantification of serovar Gallinarum were performed by PCR and qPCR from mites and organs of dead hens. The maximum likelihood estimation of the infection rate and mite vectorial capacity were calculated.
RESULTS
Clinical disease was observed in groups infected with serovar Gallinarum (A and B) and in hens of groups C and D infested with mites harvested from the isolators containing groups A and B. In all four groups, serovar Gallinarum was detected from liver, spleen, ovary, and cecum of hens, thus confirming the diagnosis of FT. Mite analysis demonstrated the presence of the pathogen, with an estimated infection rate ranging between 13.72 and 55.21 infected per thousand mites. Vectorial capacity was estimated to be 73.79.
CONCLUSIONS
Mites harvested from birds infected with serovar Gallinarum were shown to carry the mite, and then to transfer serovar Gallinarum to isolated groups of pathogen-free birds that subsequently showed signs of FT. Mite vectorial capacity was high, demonstrating that D. gallinae should be considered an effective vector of FT.
Topics: Animals; Arachnid Vectors; Chickens; Female; Mite Infestations; Mites; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 33054854
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04393-8