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Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Dec 2019Vaping devices, introduced to the US market in 2007 as aids for smoking cessation, have become popular among youth and young adults because of their enticing flavors and... (Review)
Review
Vaping devices, introduced to the US market in 2007 as aids for smoking cessation, have become popular among youth and young adults because of their enticing flavors and perceived lack of negative health effects. However, evidence is emerging that vaping may introduce high levels of dangerous chemicals into the body and cause severe lung injury and death. This article reviews the history and prevalence of vaping and available research on its health effects and efficacy in smoking cessation, and proposes recommendations for clinicians and legislators to reduce harms associated with vaping.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Behavior, Addictive; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Humans; United States; Vaping
PubMed: 31821136
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.19118 -
Nicotine & Tobacco Research : Official... Oct 2020Risk perception is an important construct in many health behavior theories. Smoking risk perceptions are thoughts and feelings about the harms associated with cigarette... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Risk perception is an important construct in many health behavior theories. Smoking risk perceptions are thoughts and feelings about the harms associated with cigarette smoking. Wide variation in the terminology, definition, and assessment of this construct makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the associations of risk perceptions with smoking behaviors. To understand optimal methods of assessing adults' cigarette smoking risk perceptions (among both smokers and nonsmokers), we reviewed best practices from the tobacco control literature, and where gaps were identified, we looked more broadly to the research on risk perceptions in other health domains. Based on this review, we suggest assessments of risk perceptions (1) about multiple smoking-related health harms, (2) about harms over a specific timeframe, and (3) for the person affected by the harm. For the measurement of perceived likelihood in particular (ie, the perceived chance of harm from smoking based largely on deliberative thought), we suggest including (4) unconditional and conditional items (stipulating smoking behavior) and (5) absolute and comparative items and including (6) comparisons to specific populations through (7) direct and indirect assessments. We also suggest including (8) experiential (ostensibly automatic, somatic perceptions of vulnerability to a harm) and affective (emotional reactions to a potential harm) risk perception items. We also offer suggestions for (9) response options and (10) the assessment of risk perception at multiple time points. Researchers can use this resource to inform the selection, use, and future development of smoking risk perception measures.
IMPLICATIONS
Incorporating the measurement suggestions for cigarette smoking risk perceptions that are presented will help researchers select items most appropriate for their research questions and will contribute to greater consistency in the assessment of smoking risk perceptions among adults.
Topics: Cigarette Smoking; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Humans; Perception; Risk Factors; Smokers; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 31883013
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz213 -
Public Health Nursing (Boston, Mass.) Mar 2020To examine smoking behavior and social contexts related to smoking among dual-smoker couples.
OBJECTIVES
To examine smoking behavior and social contexts related to smoking among dual-smoker couples.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional online survey study.
SAMPLE
A convenience sample of 183 dual-smoker couples.
MEASUREMENTS
Investigator-developed survey on smoking and related social contexts.
RESULTS
Participants smoked 16.0 cigarettes daily for 14.2 years; 48.4% shared more than half of their smoking time with their spouse. More than half made quit attempts in the past year individually (M = 5.3) and jointly (M = 2.5). Couples sharing more smoking time were more likely to be motivated to quit (p = .002), make quit attempts (p < .0001), and be interested in cessation interventions (p = .002); but less likely to implement home smoking bans (p < .001). Among those who reported quit attempts, 41% quit by themselves and 15.3% sought professional assistance. Most common reasons for relapse were chronic stress and crisis, 63.6%, however, were interested in smoking cessation services, preferably technology-based interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
We found smoking interdependence within dual-smoker couples. Despite high levels of motivation to quit, most did not utilize professional help, leading to low successful quit rates. Technology-based smoking cessation interventions incorporating spousal support and addressing stress/crisis may best assist dual-smoker couples.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motivation; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Social Environment; Spouses; Surveys and Questionnaires; Young Adult
PubMed: 31724240
DOI: 10.1111/phn.12686 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2020In this study, we examine the relationship between financial literacy, financial education, and smoking behavior among the Japanese population. We hypothesize that...
In this study, we examine the relationship between financial literacy, financial education, and smoking behavior among the Japanese population. We hypothesize that financially literate and financially educated people, who have the ability to make more rational decisions, are less likely to smoke. Using the Preference Parameters Study of Osaka University, conducted in 2010 ( = 3,706), the probit regression results show that both financial literacy (with an emphasis on knowledge of investments) and financial education (with an emphasis on savings behavior) have a significant negative impact on smoking behavior. In addition, gender, age, education, marital status, household income and assets, risky behaviors, a myopic view of the future, risk preference, and level of happiness also significantly predict the likelihood of a person being a current smoker. This study provides empirical evidence that enhancing the rational decision-making ability of individuals through financial literacy and financial education may curtail smoking behavior.
Topics: Educational Status; Humans; Income; Japan; Literacy; Smoking
PubMed: 33520921
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.612976 -
Pharmacological Research Jun 2023Tobacco and nicotine use are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Health challenges associated with nicotine and smoking include developmental delays,... (Review)
Review
Tobacco and nicotine use are associated with disease susceptibility and progression. Health challenges associated with nicotine and smoking include developmental delays, addiction, mental health and behavioral changes, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Increasing evidence suggests that nicotine-associated epigenetic changes may mediate or moderate the development and progression of a myriad of negative health outcomes. In addition, nicotine exposure may confer increased lifelong susceptibility to disease and mental health challenges through alteration of epigenetic signaling. This review examines the relationship between nicotine exposure (and smoking), epigenetic changes, and maladaptive outcomes that include developmental disorders, addiction, mental health challenges, pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, endocrine disorders, diabetes, immune system changes, and cancer. Overall, findings support the contention that nicotine (or smoking) associated altered epigenetic signaling is a contributing factor to disease and health challenges.
Topics: Nicotine; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Epigenesis, Genetic; Biology
PubMed: 37149116
DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106741 -
Stroke Jan 2021Animal and observational studies indicate that smoking is a risk factor for aneurysm formation and rupture, leading to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)....
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Animal and observational studies indicate that smoking is a risk factor for aneurysm formation and rupture, leading to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, a definitive causal relationship between smoking and the risk of SAH has not been established. Using Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses, we tested the hypothesis that smoking is causally linked to the risk of SAH.
METHODS
We conducted a 1-sample MR study using data from the UK Biobank, a large cohort study that enrolled over 500 000 Britons aged 40 to 69 from 2006 to 2010. Participants of European descent were included. SAH cases were ascertained using a combination of self-reported, electronic medical record, and death registry data. As the instrument, we built a polygenic risk score using independent genetic variants known to associate (<5) with smoking behavior. This polygenic risk score represents the genetic susceptibility to smoking initiation. The primary MR analysis utilized the ratio method. Secondary MR analyses included the inverse variance weighted and weighted median methods.
RESULTS
A total of 408 609 study participants were evaluated (mean age, 57 [SD 8], female sex, 220 937 [54%]). Among these, 132 566 (32%) ever smoked regularly, and 904 (0.22%) had a SAH. Each additional SD of the smoking polygenic risk score was associated with 21% increased risk of smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.21 [95% CI, 1.20-1.21]; <0.001) and a 10% increased risk of SAH (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.03-1.17]; =0.006). In the primary MR analysis, genetic susceptibility to smoking was associated with a 63% increase in the risk of SAH (OR, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.15-2.31]; =0.006). Secondary analyses using the inverse variance weighted method (OR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.13-2.17]; =0.007) and the weighted median method (OR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.06-2.86]; =0.03) yielded similar results. There was no significant pleiotropy (MR-Egger intercept =0.39; MR Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier global test =0.69).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings provide evidence for a causal link between smoking and the risk of SAH.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Databases, Factual; Electronic Health Records; Female; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Genetic Variation; Humans; Intracranial Aneurysm; Male; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Middle Aged; Multifactorial Inheritance; Odds Ratio; Risk Assessment; Self Report; Smoking; Stroke; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; Treatment Outcome; United Kingdom
PubMed: 33440997
DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031622 -
Cardiovascular Diabetology Jul 2023We aimed to examine the association between smoking behavior change and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes...
BACKGROUND
We aimed to examine the association between smoking behavior change and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS
This study used nationwide data from the Korean National Health Insurance System and included 349,137 T2DM patients who smoked. Smoking behavior changes were defined with five groups: quitters, reducers I (≥ 50% reduction), reducers II (20-50% reduction), sustainers (± 20%), and increasers (≥ 20% increase) from the number of cigarettes/day at the baseline.
RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 5.1 years, 6,514 cases of myocardial infarction (MI) (1.9%), 7,837 cases of ischemic stroke (IS) (2.2%), and 14,932 deaths (4.3%) were identified. Quitters had a significantly decreased risk of MI (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.86) and IS (aHR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75-0.85) compared to sustainers, whereas reducers did not have a significant association with the risk of MI (aHR 1.03, 95% CI 0.94-1.13) and IS (aHR 1.00, 95% CI 0.92-1.08) in reducer I. Quitters also had a lower all-cause and CVD mortality than sustainers.
CONCLUSIONS
Smoking cessation was associated with decreased CVD incidence, and all-cause and CVD mortality among T2DM patients. However, smoking reduction was not associated with decreased risks for these.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Smoking; Cardiovascular System; Myocardial Infarction; Ischemic Stroke
PubMed: 37516874
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-023-01930-4 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Since an increasing number of multicultural adolescents have started smoking in Korean society, it is necessary to check the smoking status among multicultural...
Since an increasing number of multicultural adolescents have started smoking in Korean society, it is necessary to check the smoking status among multicultural adolescents and provide differentiated smoking cessation education and awareness through intervention programs. This study examined the factors that influenced smoking among multicultural adolescents and identified interventions. This study was a cross-sectional survey. It used raw data from the 15th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS) of 2019. Of the 57,303 participants in the 15th KYRBS, 749 were multicultural adolescents, i.e., their fathers or mothers were not born in Korea. The factors affecting smoking among multicultural adolescents were determined using a composite sample multiple logistic regression analysis. The results of the composite sample multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that 41 (6.4%) participants were smokers, had low academic performance levels, drank alcohol, were sexually active, and were more likely to smoke with other adolescents. They were 15.79 times more likely to smoke while drinking than when not drinking. Educational and psychological interventions are needed to increase multicultural youth school adaptation and academic performance levels, reduce health risk behaviors (drinking and sexually active), and ultimately, lower the smoking rate.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Republic of Korea; Risk-Taking; Smoking
PubMed: 36141491
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811219 -
The Journal of Rural Health : Official... Mar 2022Rural residence is a well-established risk factor for risk behaviors and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the United States. Smoking is the primary cause of...
INTRODUCTION
Rural residence is a well-established risk factor for risk behaviors and subsequent morbidity and mortality in the United States. Smoking is the primary cause of preventable death and is more prevalent in rural America. As chronic smoking habits typically develop during adolescence, the discrepancy in smoking rates between rural and urban youth likely contributes to a significant geographic disparity in the long-term health of adults.
METHODS
Data were extracted from 12th-grader surveys of the US Monitoring the Future study from 1998 to 2018. The historic trends of smoking initiation, ever-regular and current-regular smoking rates of rural and urban adolescents were estimated with intercept-only time-varying effect models. Differences in prevalence between rural and urban youth were calculated for each smoking behavior.
RESULTS
Though overall smoking prevalence continues to decline, this trend is significantly attenuated among rural adolescents compared to urban youth. The absolute difference in lifetime smoking prevalence between rural and urban youth has markedly increased from 6.9% in 1998 to 13.5% in 2018, which is among the highest in the past 20 years and is a potentially alarming upward trend. However, the absolute differences in ever-regular and current-regular smoking prevalence have shown an overall net decline, decreasing from 6.4 to 4.8%, and from 5.5 to 3.0%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This geographic disparity between rural and urban adolescents represents a potentially modifiable cause of increased morbidity and mortality in rural areas. Interventions and regulatory efforts should be tailored for rural adolescents to reduce the narrowing but persistent disparity in regular smoking.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Prevalence; Rural Population; Smoking; United States; Urban Population
PubMed: 34339070
DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12610 -
Journal of Occupational Health Jan 2021The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a major shift in workspace from office to home. This report examined how telecommuting is related to smoking behavior of wage and salary...
INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a major shift in workspace from office to home. This report examined how telecommuting is related to smoking behavior of wage and salary workers.
METHODS
Self-reported smoking behavior of 1,390 U.S. wage and salary workers aged 16-64 years from the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey 2018/19 were linked to the 2018 American Time Use Survey. Weighted multivariate logistic regression predicting smoking probability and generalized linear regression predicting smoking intensity were used for analysis.
RESULTS
Almost a fifth (19%) of wage and salary workers reported working from home and over a half (52%) reported working in telecommuting amenable occupations. Nearly 12% were current smokers, smoking 14.7 cigarettes daily on average. Compared to their counterparts, smoking prevalence (percentage points) was lower among those employed in telecommuting amenable occupations (-0.52, p < .001 for all; 0.01, p = .862 for men; -2.40, p < .001 for women) and who worked more frequently from home (-0.21, p < .001 for all; -0.76, p < .001 for men; -0.03, p = .045 for women). Smoking intensity (cigarettes per day) was lower among those employed in telecommuting amenable occupations (-3.39, p = .03 for all; -0.36, p = .90 for men; -4.30, p = .21 for women). We found no statistically significant association between smoking intensity and telecommuting frequency.
CONCLUSIONS
The lower likelihood of smoking and lower level of smoking intensity among telecommuting wage and salary workers suggests the need for proactive efforts to address the potential exacerbation in occupation-related smoking disparities between occupations that are and are not amenable to telecommuting.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; COVID-19; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Pandemics; Prevalence; SARS-CoV-2; Smoking; Teleworking; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 34599638
DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12283