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Toxins Sep 2021is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. has a high level of... (Review)
Review
is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Toxins, Biological; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34678970
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Feb 2020Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally colonizes the human anterior nares. At the same time, this pathogen is one of the leading causes of... (Review)
Review
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that normally colonizes the human anterior nares. At the same time, this pathogen is one of the leading causes of life-threatening bloodstream infections, such as sepsis and endocarditis. In this review we will present the current understanding of the pathogenesis of these invasive infections, focusing on the mechanisms of S. aureus clearance from the bloodstream by the immune system, and how this pathogen hijacks the host defense and coagulation systems and further interacts with the blood vessel endothelium. Additionally, we will delve into the regulatory mechanisms S. aureus employs during an invasive infection. These new insights into host-pathogen interactions show promising avenues for the development of novel therapies for treating bloodstream infections.
Topics: Animals; Bacteremia; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence
PubMed: 32172183
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2020.02.005 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes... (Review)
Review
This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes found in the family, the structure and occurrence of SCC cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCC), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.
Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35897667
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158088 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022() is a common and virulent human pathogen causing several serious illnesses including skin abscesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and... (Review)
Review
() is a common and virulent human pathogen causing several serious illnesses including skin abscesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome. Antibiotics were first introduced in the 1940s, leading to the belief that bacterial illnesses would be eradicated. However, microorganisms, including , began to develop antibiotic resistance from the increased use and abuse of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is now one of the most serious threats to global public health. Bacteria like methicillin-resistant (MRSA) remain a major problem despite several efforts to find new antibiotics. New treatment approaches are required, with bacteriophage treatment, a non-antibiotic strategy to treat bacterial infections, showing particular promise. The ability of to resist a wide range of antibiotics makes it an ideal candidate for phage therapy studies. Bacteriophages have a relatively restricted range of action, enabling them to target pathogenic bacteria. Their usage, usually in the form of a cocktail of bacteriophages, allows for more focused treatment while also overcoming the emergence of resistance. However, many obstacles remain, particularly in terms of their effects , necessitating the development of animal models to assess the bacteriophage efficiency. Here, we provide a review of the animal models, the various clinical case treatments, and clinical trials for phage therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Models, Animal; Phage Therapy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35782148
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.907314 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology Mar 2021Staphylococci are among the most frequent human microbiota components associated with the high level of bloodstream infection (BSI) episodes. In predisposed patients,... (Review)
Review
Staphylococci are among the most frequent human microbiota components associated with the high level of bloodstream infection (BSI) episodes. In predisposed patients, there is a high risk of transformation of BSI episodes to sepsis. Both bacterial and host factors are crucial for the outcomes of BSI and sepsis. The highest rates of BSI episodes were reported in Africa, where these infections were up to twice as high as the European rates. However, there remains a great need to analyze African data for comprehensive quantification of staphylococcal BSI prevalence. The lowest rates of BSI exist in Australia. Asian, European, and North American data showed similar frequency values. Worldwide analysis indicated that both and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most frequent BSI agents. In the second group, the most prevalent species was , although CoNS were not identified at the species level in many studies. The lack of a significant worldwide decrease in BSI episodes indicates a great need to implement standardized diagnostic methods and research etiological factors using advanced genetic methods.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Bacteremia; Humans; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Virulence
PubMed: 33815523
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2021-005 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Scholar... Jan 2022Among central nervous system (CNS) infections (e.g., meningitis, brain abscess, ventriculitis, transverse myelitis), those caused by (SA) are particularly challenging... (Review)
Review
Among central nervous system (CNS) infections (e.g., meningitis, brain abscess, ventriculitis, transverse myelitis), those caused by (SA) are particularly challenging both in management and treatment, with poor clinical outcomes and long hospital stay. It has been estimated that SA is responsible for around 1%-7% of meningitis (up to 19% in healthcare-associated meningitis). Recent neurosurgical procedures and immunocompromisation are major risk factors for SA CNS infections. Hand hygiene, surveillance nasal swabs and perioperative prophylaxis are crucial points for effective SA infections prevention. In case of SA-CNS infections, pending microbiological results, anti-methicillin-resistant SA (MRSA) antibiotic, with good CNS penetration, should be included, with prompt de-escalation as soon as MRSA is ruled out. Consultation with an expert in antimicrobial therapy is recommended as well as prompt source control when feasible. In this narrative review, we reviewed current literature to provide practical suggestions on diagnosis, prevention, management, and treatment of SA CNS infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Central Nervous System Infections; Humans; Meningitis; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35320912
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbs1401001 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Oct 2019There have been no reports regarding the molecular characteristics, virulence features, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from...
BACKGROUND
There have been no reports regarding the molecular characteristics, virulence features, and antibiotic resistance profiles of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from Hainan, the southernmost province of China.
METHODS
Two hundred twenty-seven S. aureus isolates, consisting of 76 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 151 methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), were collected in 2013-2014 and 2018-2019 in Hainan, and investigated for their molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance profiles and main antibiotic resistance genes.
RESULTS
Forty sequence types (STs) including three new STs (ST5489, ST5492 and ST5493), and 79 Staphylococcal protein A (spa) types were identified based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and spa typing, respectively. ST398 (14.1%, 32/227) was found to be the most prevalent, and the prevalence of ST398-MSSA increased significantly from 2013 to 2014 (5.5%, 5/91) to 2018-2019 (18.4%, 25/136). Seventy-six MRSA isolates were subject to staphylococcus chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) typing. SCCmec-IVa was the predominant SCCmec type, and specifically, ST45-SCCmec IVa, an infrequent type in mainland China, was predominant in S. aureus from Hainan. The antibiotic resistance profiles and antibiotic resistance genes of S. aureus show distinctive features in Hainan. The resistant rates of the MRSA isolates to a variety of antibiotics were significantly higher than those of the MSSA isolates. The predominant erythromycin and tetracycline resistance genes were ermC (90.1%, 100/111) and tetK (91.8%, 78/85), respectively. Eleven virulence genes, including the Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and eta, were determined, and the frequency of eta and pvl were found to be 57.3 and 47.6%. Such high prevalence has never been seen in mainland China before.
CONCLUSION
S. aureus isolates in Hainan have unique molecular characteristics, virulence gene and antibiotic resistance profiles, and main antibiotic resistance genes which may be associated with the special geographical location of Hainan and local trends in antibiotic use.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Toxins; China; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Exotoxins; Humans; Leukocidins; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31640587
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4547-5 -
FEMS Microbiology Reviews Jan 2020Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread... (Review)
Review
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both hospital and community settings, especially with the widespread emergence of virulent and multi-drug resistant methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. There is an urgent and unmet clinical need for non-antibiotic immune-based approaches to treat these infections as the increasing antibiotic resistance is creating a serious threat to public health. However, all vaccination attempts aimed at preventing S. aureus invasive infections have failed in human trials, especially all vaccines aimed at generating high titers of opsonic antibodies against S. aureus surface antigens to facilitate antibody-mediated bacterial clearance. In this review, we summarize the data from humans regarding the immune responses that protect against invasive S. aureus infections as well as host genetic factors and bacterial evasion mechanisms, which are important to consider for the future development of effective and successful vaccines and immunotherapies against invasive S. aureus infections in humans. The evidence presented form the basis for a hypothesis that staphylococcal toxins (including superantigens and pore-forming toxins) are important virulence factors, and targeting the neutralization of these toxins are more likely to provide a therapeutic benefit in contrast to prior vaccine attempts to generate antibodies to facilitate opsonophagocytosis.
Topics: Bacterial Toxins; Bacterial Vaccines; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31841134
DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz030 -
Microbiology Spectrum Nov 2019Staphylococci, and in particular , cause an extensive variety of infections in a range of hosts. The comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal genomes reveals mechanisms... (Review)
Review
Staphylococci, and in particular , cause an extensive variety of infections in a range of hosts. The comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal genomes reveals mechanisms controlling the organism's biology, pathobiology, and dissemination. Whole-genome sequencing technologies led to a quantum leap in our understanding of bacterial genomes. The recent cost reduction of sequencing has resulted in unprecedented volumes of genomic information about , one of the most sequenced bacterial species. Collecting, comparing, and interpreting big data is challenging, but fascinating insights have emerged. For example, it is becoming clearer which selective pressures staphylococci face in their habitats and which mechanisms allow this pathogen to adapt, survive, and spread. A key theme is the constant evolution of staphylococci as they alter their genome, exchange DNA, and adapt to new environments, leading to the emergence of increasingly successful, antibiotic-resistant, immune-evading, and host-adapted colonizers and pathogens. This article introduces the structure of staphylococcal genomes, details how genomes vary between strains, outlines the mechanisms of genetic variation, and describes the features of successful clones.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Phylogeny; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 31845645
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0071-2019 -
Microbes and Infection Apr 2020
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 31539563
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.08.004