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International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2022This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes... (Review)
Review
This paper discusses the mechanisms of drug resistance including: (1) introduction. (2) resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, with particular emphasis on the genes found in the family, the structure and occurrence of SCC cassettes, as well as differences in the presence of some virulence genes and its expression in major epidemiological types and clones of HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, and LA-MRSA strains. Other mechanisms of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics will also be discussed, such as mutations in the gene, BORSA or MODSA phenotypes, as well as resistance to ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. (3) Resistance to glycopeptides (VRSA, VISA, hVISA strains, vancomycin tolerance). (4) Resistance to oxazolidinones (mutational and enzymatic resistance to linezolid). (5) Resistance to MLS-B (macrolides, lincosamides, ketolides, and streptogramin B). (6) Aminoglycosides and spectinomicin, including resistance genes, their regulation and localization (plasmids, transposons, class I integrons, SCC), and types and spectrum of enzymes that inactivate aminoglycosides. (7). Fluoroquinolones (8) Tetracyclines, including the mechanisms of active protection of the drug target site and active efflux of the drug from the bacterial cell. (9) Mupirocin. (10) Fusidic acid. (11) Daptomycin. (12) Resistance to other antibiotics and chemioterapeutics (e.g., streptogramins A, quinupristin/dalfopristin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, fosfomycin, trimethoprim) (13) Molecular epidemiology of MRSA.
Topics: Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35897667
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158088 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2018Staphylococci, with the leading species and , are the most frequent causes of infections on indwelling medical devices. The biofilm phenotype that those bacteria adopt... (Review)
Review
Staphylococci, with the leading species and , are the most frequent causes of infections on indwelling medical devices. The biofilm phenotype that those bacteria adopt during device-associated infection facilitates increased resistance to antibiotics and host immune defenses. This review presents and discusses the molecular mechanisms contributing to staphylococcal biofilm development and their in-vivo importance. Furthermore, it summarizes current strategies for the development of therapeutics against staphylococcal biofilm-associated infection.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Phenotype; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus epidermidis
PubMed: 30117414
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0023-2018 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2018() is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative... (Review)
Review
() is an important zoonotic bacteria and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. The characteristics like biofilm forming, facultative intracellular survival, and growing resistance of pose a great challenge to its use in therapy. Nanoparticles are considered as a promising way to overcome the infections' therapeutic problems caused by . In this paper, the present progress and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of infection are focused on stepwise. First, the survival and infection mechanism of are analyzed. Second, the treatment challenges posed by are provided, which is followed by the third step including the advantages of nanoparticles in improving the penetration and accumulation ability of their payload antibiotics into cell, inhibiting biofilm formation, and enhancing the antibacterial activity against resistant isolates. Finally, the challenges and future perspective of nanoparticles for infection therapy are introduced. This review will help the readers to realize that the nanosystems can effectively fight against the infection by inhibiting biofilm formation, enhancing intracellular delivery, and improving activity against methicillin-resistant and small colony variant phenotypes as well as aim to help researchers looking for more efficient nano-systems to combat the infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Nanoparticles; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 30519018
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S169935 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022() is a common and virulent human pathogen causing several serious illnesses including skin abscesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and... (Review)
Review
() is a common and virulent human pathogen causing several serious illnesses including skin abscesses, wound infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome. Antibiotics were first introduced in the 1940s, leading to the belief that bacterial illnesses would be eradicated. However, microorganisms, including , began to develop antibiotic resistance from the increased use and abuse of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is now one of the most serious threats to global public health. Bacteria like methicillin-resistant (MRSA) remain a major problem despite several efforts to find new antibiotics. New treatment approaches are required, with bacteriophage treatment, a non-antibiotic strategy to treat bacterial infections, showing particular promise. The ability of to resist a wide range of antibiotics makes it an ideal candidate for phage therapy studies. Bacteriophages have a relatively restricted range of action, enabling them to target pathogenic bacteria. Their usage, usually in the form of a cocktail of bacteriophages, allows for more focused treatment while also overcoming the emergence of resistance. However, many obstacles remain, particularly in terms of their effects , necessitating the development of animal models to assess the bacteriophage efficiency. Here, we provide a review of the animal models, the various clinical case treatments, and clinical trials for phage therapy.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Models, Animal; Phage Therapy; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35782148
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.907314 -
Microbiology Spectrum Mar 2019is clearly the most pathogenic member of the . This is in large part due to the acquisition of an impressive arsenal of virulence factors that are coordinately... (Review)
Review
is clearly the most pathogenic member of the . This is in large part due to the acquisition of an impressive arsenal of virulence factors that are coordinately regulated by a series of dedicated transcription factors. What is becoming more and more appreciated in the field is the influence of the metabolic state of on the activity of these virulence regulators and their roles in modulating metabolic gene expression. Here I highlight recent advances in metabolism as it pertains to virulence. Specifically, mechanisms of nutrient acquisition are outlined including carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate carbon/energy sources as well as micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn and S) acquisition. Additionally, energy producing strategies (respiration versus fermentation) are discussed and put in the context of pathogenesis. Finally, transcriptional regulators that coordinate metabolic gene expression are outlined, particularly those that affect the activities of major virulence factor regulators. This chapter essentially connects many recent observations that link the metabolism of to its overall pathogenesis and hints that the mere presence of a plethora of virulence factors may not entirely explain the extraordinary pathogenic potential of .
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Fermentation; Humans; Micronutrients; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Transcription Factors; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31025624
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0011-2018 -
Microbiology Spectrum Nov 2019Staphylococci, and in particular , cause an extensive variety of infections in a range of hosts. The comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal genomes reveals mechanisms... (Review)
Review
Staphylococci, and in particular , cause an extensive variety of infections in a range of hosts. The comprehensive analysis of staphylococcal genomes reveals mechanisms controlling the organism's biology, pathobiology, and dissemination. Whole-genome sequencing technologies led to a quantum leap in our understanding of bacterial genomes. The recent cost reduction of sequencing has resulted in unprecedented volumes of genomic information about , one of the most sequenced bacterial species. Collecting, comparing, and interpreting big data is challenging, but fascinating insights have emerged. For example, it is becoming clearer which selective pressures staphylococci face in their habitats and which mechanisms allow this pathogen to adapt, survive, and spread. A key theme is the constant evolution of staphylococci as they alter their genome, exchange DNA, and adapt to new environments, leading to the emergence of increasingly successful, antibiotic-resistant, immune-evading, and host-adapted colonizers and pathogens. This article introduces the structure of staphylococcal genomes, details how genomes vary between strains, outlines the mechanisms of genetic variation, and describes the features of successful clones.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Bacterial; Genomics; Humans; Phylogeny; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 31845645
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0071-2019 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Despite continuing progress in medical and surgical procedures, staphylococci remain the major Gram-positive bacterial pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of diseases,... (Review)
Review
Despite continuing progress in medical and surgical procedures, staphylococci remain the major Gram-positive bacterial pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of diseases, especially in patients requiring the utilization of indwelling catheters and prosthetic devices implanted temporarily or for prolonged periods of time. Within the genus, if and are prevalent species responsible for infections, several coagulase-negative species which are normal components of our microflora also constitute opportunistic pathogens that are able to infect patients. In such a clinical context, staphylococci producing biofilms show an increased resistance to antimicrobials and host immune defenses. Although the biochemical composition of the biofilm matrix has been extensively studied, the regulation of biofilm formation and the factors contributing to its stability and release are currently still being discovered. This review presents and discusses the composition and some regulation elements of biofilm development and describes its clinical importance. Finally, we summarize the numerous and various recent studies that address attempts to destroy an already-formed biofilm within the clinical context as a potential therapeutic strategy to avoid the removal of infected implant material, a critical event for patient convenience and health care costs.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcus; Biofilms; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biology
PubMed: 36982293
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065218 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2022Members of the family, particularly those of the genus Staphylococcus, encompass important human and animal pathogens. We collected and characterized strains from...
Members of the family, particularly those of the genus Staphylococcus, encompass important human and animal pathogens. We collected and characterized strains from apparently healthy and diseased camels ( = 84) and cattle ( = 7) in Somalia and Kenya. We phenotypically characterized the strains, including their antimicrobial inhibitory concentrations. Then, we sequenced their genomes using long-read sequencing, closed their genomes, and subsequently compared and mapped their virulence- and resistance-associated gene pools. Genome-based phylogenetics revealed 13 known and at least two novel species. East African strains of different species encompassed novel sequence types and phylogenetically distant clades. About one-third of the strains had non-wild-type MICs. They were resistant to at least one of the following antimicrobials: tetracycline, benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, or streptomycin, encoded by (K), /, /, /, , , , and , respectively. We identified the first methicillin- and multidrug-resistant camel S. epidermidis strain of sequence type (ST) 1136 in East Africa. The pool of virulence-encoding genes was largest in the S. aureus strains, as expected, although other rather commensal strains contained distinct virulence-encoding genes. We identified toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems such as the and families, reported here for the first time for certain species of . All strains contained at least one intact prophage sequence, mainly belonging to the family. We pinpointed potential horizontal gene transfers between camel and cattle strains and also across distinct clades and species. Camels are a high value and crucial livestock species in arid and semiarid regions of Africa and gain importance giving the impact of climate change on traditional livestock species. Our current knowledge with respect to infecting camels is very limited compared to that for other livestock species. Better knowledge will foster the development of specific diagnostic assays, guide promising antimicrobial treatment options, and inform about potential zoonotic risks. We characterized 84 strains isolated from camels with respect to their antimicrobial resistance and virulence traits. We detected potentially novel Staphylococcus species, resistances to different classes of antimicrobials, and the first camel multidrug-resistant S. epidermidis strain of sequence type 1136.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Camelus; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcaceae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genomics; Kenya; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 36226992
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01146-22 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Aug 2017The ability of bacteria to move is critical for their survival in diverse environments and multiple ways have evolved to achieve this. Two forms of motility have... (Review)
Review
The ability of bacteria to move is critical for their survival in diverse environments and multiple ways have evolved to achieve this. Two forms of motility have recently been described for Staphylococcus aureus, an organism previously considered to be non-motile. One form is called spreading, which is a type of sliding motility and the second form involves comet formation, which has many observable characteristics associated with gliding motility. Darting motility has also been observed in Staphylococcus epidermidis. This review describes how motility is defined and how we distinguish between passive and active motility. We discuss the characteristics of the various forms of Staphylococci motility, the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential future research directions.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Toxins; Cell Wall; Humans; Quorum Sensing; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 28378043
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2507-z -
Journal of Global Antimicrobial... Dec 2020Epidemiological surveillance is one critical approach to estimate and fight the burden of antibiotic resistance (AR). Here we summarise the characteristics of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Epidemiological surveillance is one critical approach to estimate and fight the burden of antibiotic resistance (AR). Here we summarise the characteristics of surveillance systems devoted to the surveillance of AR worldwide and published in the literature.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of the literature available on PubMed from January 2007 to July 2019 (12.5 years). The keywords ('surveillance system' OR 'laboratory-based surveillance' OR 'syndromic surveillance' OR 'sentinel surveillance' OR 'integrated surveillance' OR 'population-based surveillance') AND ('antibiotic resistance' OR 'antimicrobial resistance') were used. This research was completed with AR monitoring systems available on websites.
RESULTS
We identified 71 AR surveillance systems described by 90 publications from 35 countries, including 64 (90.1%) national and 7 (9.9%) multinational surveillance systems. Two regions accounted for ∼72% of systems: European region (37; 52.1%) and Region of the Americas (14; 19.7%). Fifty-three focused on AR surveillance in humans, 12 studied both humans and animals, and 6 focused only on animals. The two most common bacterial species reported were Staphylococcus aureus (42; 59.2%) and Escherichia coli (39; 54.9%). Of the 71 AR surveillance systems, 20 (28.2%) used prevalence as an indicator, 3 (4.2%) used incidence and 7 (9.9%) used both. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., S. aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae, penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and carbapenem-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were monitored.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed heterogeneous surveillance systems. A 'One Health' approach is needed to monitor AR, with reference to the WHO Global Action Plan.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33176216
DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.10.009