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Frontiers in Immunology 2022Weaning is considered to be one of the most critical periods in pig production, which is related to the economic benefits of pig farms. However, in actual production,... (Review)
Review
Weaning is considered to be one of the most critical periods in pig production, which is related to the economic benefits of pig farms. However, in actual production, many piglets are often subjected to weaning stress due to the sudden separation from the sow, the changes in diet and living environment, and other social challenges. Weaning stress often causes changes in the morphology and function of the small intestine of piglets, disrupts digestion and absorption capacity, destroys intestinal barrier function, and ultimately leads to reduced feed intake, increased diarrhea rate, and growth retardation. Therefore, correctly understanding the effects of weaning stress on intestinal health have important guiding significance for nutritional regulation of intestinal injury caused by weaning stress. In this review, we mainly reviewed the effects of weaning stress on the intestinal health of piglets, from the aspects of intestinal development, and intestinal barrier function, thereby providing a theoretical basis for nutritional strategies to alleviate weaning stress in mammals in future studies.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Female; Weaning; Intestines; Eating; Diarrhea; Farms; Mammals
PubMed: 36505434
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042778 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021Complementary feeding methods have the potential to not only ensure a diet of nutritional adequacy but also promote optimal food-related behaviours and skills. While the... (Review)
Review
Complementary feeding methods have the potential to not only ensure a diet of nutritional adequacy but also promote optimal food-related behaviours and skills. While the complementary feeding practice known as baby-led weaning (BLW) has gained popularity, evidence supporting the potential benefits and/or risks for infant growth, development, and health warrants consideration. A review of 29 studies was conducted with findings indicating that parents who implement BLW typically have higher levels of education, breastfeed for longer, and differ in other personality traits. Fear of choking was an important factor in parents' decision not to implement BLW; however, this fear was not supported by the literature. Benefits of BLW included lower food fussiness, higher food enjoyment, lower food responsiveness, and higher satiety responsiveness. While this profile of eating behaviours confers a reduced obesity risk, few studies have examined the relationship between BLW and infant growth robustly. BLW does not seem to increase the risk of inadequate zinc or iron intake; however, emphasis needs to be given to ensuring adequate intake of these micronutrients among all infants. A better understanding of the impacts of BLW is needed to inform evidence-based recommendations to support and guide parents in complementary feeding methods.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Risk Assessment; Weaning
PubMed: 34281101
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137165 -
Gut Microbes 2023Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, but many infants receive pumped milk, formula, donor human milk, or other nutritional sources... (Review)
Review
Comparing early life nutritional sources and human milk feeding practices: personalized and dynamic nutrition supports infant gut microbiome development and immune system maturation.
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first six months of life, but many infants receive pumped milk, formula, donor human milk, or other nutritional sources during this critical period. Substantive evidence shows early nutrition influences development of the microbiome and immune system, affecting lifelong health. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear and the nuances of human milk feeding are rarely considered. This review synthesizes evidence from human studies and model systems to discuss the impact of different nutritional sources on co-development of the gut microbiome, antigen tolerance, and immunity. We highlight two key mechanisms: epigenetics and the so-called "weaning reaction". Collectively, this evidence highlights i) the fundamental role of parents' own milk, fed directly at the breast, as a dynamic and personalized nutrition source that drives developmental programming, and ii) the deficiencies of alternative nutritional sources and priority research areas for improving these alternatives when direct breastfeeding is not possible.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Breast Feeding; Weaning; Nutritional Status; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 37055920
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190305 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2021
Review
Topics: Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Weaning
PubMed: 34431920
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020507 -
Cell Host & Microbe Apr 2023Disruptions to the intestinal microbiome during weaning lead to negative effects on host immune function. However, the critical host-microbe interactions during weaning...
Disruptions to the intestinal microbiome during weaning lead to negative effects on host immune function. However, the critical host-microbe interactions during weaning that are required for immune system development remain poorly understood. We find that restricting microbiome maturation during weaning stunts immune system development and increases susceptibility to enteric infection. We developed a gnotobiotic mouse model of the early-life microbiome Pediatric Community (PedsCom). These mice develop fewer peripheral regulatory T cells and less IgA, hallmarks of microbiota-driven immune system development. Furthermore, adult PedsCom mice retain high susceptibility to Salmonella infection, which is characteristic of young mice and children. Altogether, our work illustrates how the post-weaning transition in microbiome composition contributes to normal immune maturation and protection from infection. Accurate modeling of the pre-weaning microbiome provides a window into the microbial requirements for healthy development and suggests an opportunity to design microbial interventions at weaning to improve immune development in human infants.
Topics: Infant; Adult; Animals; Humans; Mice; Child; Microbiota; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Germ-Free Life; Weaning; Immune System
PubMed: 36996818
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.006 -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2021Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the...
BACKGROUND
Weaning stress of piglets causes a huge economic loss to the pig industry. Balance and stability of the intestinal microenvironment is an effective way to reduce the occurance of stress during the weaning process. Clostridium butyricum, as a new microecological preparation, is resistant to high temperature, acid, bile salts and some antibiotics. The aim of present study is to investigate the effects of C. butyricum on the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites in weaned piglets.
RESULTS
There was no statistical significance in the growth performance and the incidence of diarrhoea among the weaned piglets treated with C. butyricum during 0-21 days experimental period. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), abundance-based coverage estimator (ACE) and Chao index of the CB group were found to be significantly increased compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Tenericutes were the predominant bacterial phyla in the weaned piglets. A marked increase in the relative abundance of Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, along with a decreased relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005 was observed in the CB group, when compared with the NC group (P < 0.05). With the addition of C. butyricum, a total of twenty-two significantly altered metabolites were obtained in the feces of piglets. The integrated pathway analysis by MetaboAnalyst indicated that arginine and proline metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; and phenylalanine metabolism were the main three altered pathways, based on the topology. Furthermore, Spearman's analysis revealed some altered gut microbiota genus such as Oscillospira, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, Megasphaera, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotella_2, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 were associated with the alterations in the fecal metabolites (P < 0.05), indicating that C. butyricum presented a potential protective impact through gut microbiota. The intestinal metabolites changed by C. butyricum mainly involved the variation of citrulline, dicarboxylic acids, branched-chain amino acid and tryptophan metabolic pathways.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, this study strengthens the idea that the dietary C. butyricum treatment can significantly alter the intestinal microbiota and metabolite profiles of the weaned piglets, and C. butyricum can offer potential benefits for the gut health.
Topics: Animals; Clostridium butyricum; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Microbial Interactions; Probiotics; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 33752593
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02143-z -
Cell Host & Microbe Apr 2023Differentiating the effects of infant microbiota, developmental, and nutritional changes on immunological maturation during weaning is an ongoing challenge. In this...
Differentiating the effects of infant microbiota, developmental, and nutritional changes on immunological maturation during weaning is an ongoing challenge. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Lubin and colleagues report a gnotobiotic mouse model that maintains neonatal-like microbiome composition into adulthood to help answer burning questions in this field.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Microbiota; Germ-Free Life; Weaning
PubMed: 37054668
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.011 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Aug 2020
Topics: Humans; Weaning
PubMed: 33087245
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0544b -
Nutrients Mar 2024According to WHO, "complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional... (Review)
Review
According to WHO, "complementary feeding (CF) is the process starting when breast milk alone or infant formula alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of infants, and therefore, other foods and liquids are needed, along with breast human milk or a breastmilk substitute". CF is one of the most important "critical and sensitive periods" in human life: indeed, timing and approaches to solid foods introduction in an infant's nutrition are of utmost importance as potential epigenetic factors from infancy to adulthood. CF is also deeply influenced by each country and single-family traditions, culture, and beliefs. The aim of our narrative review is to analyze traditional CF practices, including innovative and alternative ones that emerged in the last decades, such as baby-led weaning or plant-based weaning, and to evaluate their effects on the risk of developing non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we will discuss pitfalls and misunderstandings that pediatricians frequently have to face when dealing with complementary feeding. Health care professionals must not have prejudices against parents' wishes or traditions about CF; rather, they should support and educate them in case of any alternative CF choice, always pursuing the infant's adequate growth, neuro- and taste development, and the achievement of correct eating behavior as the primary goal.
Topics: Infant; Female; Humans; Breast Feeding; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Weaning; Feeding Behavior; Infant Formula; Milk, Human
PubMed: 38474864
DOI: 10.3390/nu16050737 -
A Pragmatic Approach to Weaning Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support: A State-of-the-Art Review.JACC. Heart Failure Sep 2021Temporary mechanical circulatory support (TMCS) provides short-term support to patients with or at risk of refractory cardiogenic shock. Although indications,... (Review)
Review
Temporary mechanical circulatory support (TMCS) provides short-term support to patients with or at risk of refractory cardiogenic shock. Although indications, contraindications, and complications of TMCS may guide device selection, optimal strategies for device weaning and explant remain poorly defined. Under the revised adult heart allocation policy implemented by the United Nations for Organ Sharing in October 2018, rejustification of heart transplant listing status includes demonstrating TMCS dependency with attempted device wean trials. However, standardized device-specific weaning and explant protocols have not been proposed or evaluated. This review highlights when to use percutaneous TMCS in cardiogenic shock, with a focus on weaning and explant considerations. Terminology for important concepts that guide device escalation, de-escalation, and explantation have been defined. Clinical, hemodynamic, metabolic, and imaging features have been defined, which can guide a tailored approach to TMCS weaning and explant based on the approach used at the Cleveland Clinic. A narrative review of published studies that have reported TMCS weaning protocols and survey results of member centers from CS-MCS working group centers is also provided. Future research is needed to better understand optimal timing and implementation of standardized protocols to achieve successful TMCS weaning and explant.
Topics: Adult; Heart Failure; Heart-Assist Devices; Humans; Shock, Cardiogenic; Weaning
PubMed: 34391743
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.05.011