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Frontiers in Immunology 2022Weaning is considered to be one of the most critical periods in pig production, which is related to the economic benefits of pig farms. However, in actual production,... (Review)
Review
Weaning is considered to be one of the most critical periods in pig production, which is related to the economic benefits of pig farms. However, in actual production, many piglets are often subjected to weaning stress due to the sudden separation from the sow, the changes in diet and living environment, and other social challenges. Weaning stress often causes changes in the morphology and function of the small intestine of piglets, disrupts digestion and absorption capacity, destroys intestinal barrier function, and ultimately leads to reduced feed intake, increased diarrhea rate, and growth retardation. Therefore, correctly understanding the effects of weaning stress on intestinal health have important guiding significance for nutritional regulation of intestinal injury caused by weaning stress. In this review, we mainly reviewed the effects of weaning stress on the intestinal health of piglets, from the aspects of intestinal development, and intestinal barrier function, thereby providing a theoretical basis for nutritional strategies to alleviate weaning stress in mammals in future studies.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Female; Weaning; Intestines; Eating; Diarrhea; Farms; Mammals
PubMed: 36505434
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042778 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2018To review the scientific findings on the baby-led weaning method (BLW) in the context of complementary feeding. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the scientific findings on the baby-led weaning method (BLW) in the context of complementary feeding.
DATA SOURCES
Two independent examiners searched the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE)/PubMed database in August 2016. No time-period was defined for the publication dates. The following descriptors were used: "baby-led weaning" OR "baby-led" OR "BLW". Inclusion criteria were: original studies that were available in English, and which addressed the BLW method. Exclusion criteria were: references in other languages, opinion articles and literature reviews, editorials and publications that did not elaborate on the intended subject. Of the 97 references identified, 13 were included in the descriptive synthesis.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The BLW group of babies, when compared to the traditional eating group, were less prone to being overweight, less demanding of food, and ate the same foods as the family. The number of choking episodes did not differ between groups. Mothers who opted for the implementation of BLW had higher levels of schooling, held managerial positions at work, and were more likely to have breastfed until the sixth month of the child's life. Concerns were raised about messes made during meals, wasting food, and choking, but most of the mothers recommended adopting the method. Health professionals were hesitant to indicate this method.
CONCLUSIONS
BLW was recommended by mothers who followed the method with their own children. However, concerns have been reported, which, coupled with professionals' fears about the inability of infants to self-feed, reflect a lack of knowledge about the method.
Topics: Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant Behavior; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Infant, Newborn; Weaning
PubMed: 29995141
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;3;00001 -
Revista Paulista de Pediatria : Orgao... 2021
Review
Topics: Feeding Behavior; Humans; Infant; Infant Food; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Weaning
PubMed: 34431920
DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/2022/40/2020507 -
The Journal of Pediatrics Aug 2015To test whether earlier age at weaning (age 3-6 months) may promote faster growth during infancy. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To test whether earlier age at weaning (age 3-6 months) may promote faster growth during infancy.
STUDY DESIGN
Weaning at age 3.0-7.0 months was reported by 571 mothers of term singletons in a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Cambridge, UK. Infant weight and length were measured at birth and at age 3 months and 12 months. Anthropometric values were transformed into age- and sex-adjusted z-scores. Three linear regression models were performed, including adjustment for confounders in a stepwise manner. Measurements at age 3 months, before weaning, were used to consider reverse causality.
RESULTS
Almost three-quarters (72.9%) of infants were weaned before age 6 months. Age at weaning of 3.0-7.0 months was inversely associated with weight and length (but not with body mass index) at 12 months (both P ≤ .01, adjusted for maternal and demographic factors). These associations were attenuated after adjustment for type of milk feeding and weight or length at age 3 months (before weaning). Rapid weight gain between 0 and 3 months predicted subsequent earlier age at weaning (P = .01). Our systematic review identified 2 trials, both reporting null effects of age at weaning on growth, and 15 observational studies, with 10 reporting an inverse association between age at weaning and infant growth and 4 reporting evidence of reverse causality.
CONCLUSION
In high-income countries, weaning between 3 and 6 months appears to have a neutral effect on infant growth. Inverse associations are likely related to reverse causality.
Topics: Anthropometry; Breast Feeding; Child Development; Cohort Studies; Female; Humans; Infant; Linear Models; Male; Prospective Studies; United Kingdom; Weaning
PubMed: 26073105
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.05.003 -
Cell Host & Microbe Apr 2023Differentiating the effects of infant microbiota, developmental, and nutritional changes on immunological maturation during weaning is an ongoing challenge. In this...
Differentiating the effects of infant microbiota, developmental, and nutritional changes on immunological maturation during weaning is an ongoing challenge. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Lubin and colleagues report a gnotobiotic mouse model that maintains neonatal-like microbiome composition into adulthood to help answer burning questions in this field.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Microbiota; Germ-Free Life; Weaning
PubMed: 37054668
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.03.011 -
Journal of Animal Science Jun 2022The complex environment surrounding young pigs reared in intensive housing systems directly influences their productivity and livelihood. Much of the seminal literature... (Review)
Review
The complex environment surrounding young pigs reared in intensive housing systems directly influences their productivity and livelihood. Much of the seminal literature utilized housing and husbandry practices that have since drastically evolved through advances in genetic potential, nutrition, health, and technology. This review focuses on the environmental interaction and responses of pigs during the first 8 wk of life, separated into pre-weaning (creep areas) and post-weaning (nursery or wean-finish) phases. Further, a perspective on instrumentation and precision technologies for animal-based (physiological and behavioral) and environmental measures documents current approaches and future possibilities. A warm microclimate for piglets during the early days of life, especially the first 12 h, is critical. While caretaker interventions can mitigate the extent of hypothermia, low birth weight remains a dominant risk factor for mortality. Post-weaning, the thermoregulation capabilities have improved, but subsequent transportation, nutritional, and social stressors enhance the requisite need for a warm, low draft environment with the proper flooring. A better understanding of the individual environmental factors that affect young pigs as well as the creation of comprehensive environment indices or improved, non-contact sensing technology is needed to better evaluate and manage piglet environments. Such enhanced understanding and evaluation of pig-environment interaction could lead to innovative environmental control and husbandry interventions to foster healthy and productive pigs.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Female; Floors and Floorcoverings; Housing, Animal; Lactation; Swine; Weaning
PubMed: 35708591
DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac142 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2020Vegetarian and vegan weaning have increasing popularity among parents and families. However, if not correctly managed, they may lead to wrong feeding regimens, causing... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Vegetarian and vegan weaning have increasing popularity among parents and families. However, if not correctly managed, they may lead to wrong feeding regimens, causing severe nutritional deficiencies requiring specific nutritional support or even the need for hospitalization.
AIM
To assess the prevalence of vegetarian and vegan weaning among Italian families and to provide an up-to-date narrative review of supporting evidence.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We investigated 360 Italian families using a 40-item questionnaire. The narrative review was conducted searching scientific databases for articles reporting on vegetarian and vegan weaning.
RESULTS
8.6% of mothers follow an alternative feeding regimen and 9.2% of infants were weaned according to a vegetarian or vegan diet. The breastfeeding duration was longer in vegetarian/vegan infants (15.8 vs. 9.7 months; < 0.0001). Almost half of parents (45.2%) claim that their pediatrician was unable to provide sufficient information and adequate indications regarding unconventional weaning and 77.4% of parents reported the pediatrician's resistance towards alternative weaning methods. Nine studies were suitable for the review process. The vast majority of authors agree on the fact that vegetarian and vegan weaning may cause severe nutritional deficiencies, whose detrimental effects are particularly significant in the early stages of life.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Our results show that alternative weaning methods are followed by a significant number of families; in half of the cases, the family pediatrician was not perceived as an appropriate guide in this delicate process. To date, consistent findings to support both the safety and feasibility of alternative weaning methods are still lacking. Since the risk of nutritional deficiencies in the early stages of life is high, pediatricians have a pivotal role in guiding parents and advising them on the most appropriate and complete diet regimen during childhood. Efforts should be made to enhance nutritional understanding among pediatricians as an unsupervised vegetarian or vegan diet can cause severe nutritional deficiencies with possible detrimental long-term effects.
Topics: Breast Feeding; Child; Diet, Vegan; Diet, Vegetarian; Female; Humans; Infant; Surveys and Questionnaires; Vegans; Vegetarians; Weaning
PubMed: 32635592
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134835 -
A Pragmatic Approach to Weaning Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support: A State-of-the-Art Review.JACC. Heart Failure Sep 2021Temporary mechanical circulatory support (TMCS) provides short-term support to patients with or at risk of refractory cardiogenic shock. Although indications,... (Review)
Review
Temporary mechanical circulatory support (TMCS) provides short-term support to patients with or at risk of refractory cardiogenic shock. Although indications, contraindications, and complications of TMCS may guide device selection, optimal strategies for device weaning and explant remain poorly defined. Under the revised adult heart allocation policy implemented by the United Nations for Organ Sharing in October 2018, rejustification of heart transplant listing status includes demonstrating TMCS dependency with attempted device wean trials. However, standardized device-specific weaning and explant protocols have not been proposed or evaluated. This review highlights when to use percutaneous TMCS in cardiogenic shock, with a focus on weaning and explant considerations. Terminology for important concepts that guide device escalation, de-escalation, and explantation have been defined. Clinical, hemodynamic, metabolic, and imaging features have been defined, which can guide a tailored approach to TMCS weaning and explant based on the approach used at the Cleveland Clinic. A narrative review of published studies that have reported TMCS weaning protocols and survey results of member centers from CS-MCS working group centers is also provided. Future research is needed to better understand optimal timing and implementation of standardized protocols to achieve successful TMCS weaning and explant.
Topics: Adult; Heart Failure; Heart-Assist Devices; Humans; Shock, Cardiogenic; Weaning
PubMed: 34391743
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2021.05.011 -
Deutsches Arzteblatt International Aug 2020
Topics: Humans; Weaning
PubMed: 33087245
DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0544b -
PloS One 2022A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation from day 83 of gestation and/or direct supplementation from weaning of...
A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation from day 83 of gestation and/or direct supplementation from weaning of a bovine casein hydrolysate plus a yeast β-glucan (CH-YBG) on pig performance and intestinal health on day ten post-weaning. Twenty cross bred gilts (Large White × Landrace) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary groups (n = 10 gilts/group): basal diet (basal sows) and basal diet supplemented with CH-YBG (supplemented sows) from day 83 of gestation until weaning (2g/sow/day). At weaning, 120 pigs (6 pigs/sow) were selected. The two dam groups were further divided, resulting in four experimental groups (10 replicates/group; 3 pigs/pen) as follows: 1) BB (basal sows + basal pigs); 2) BS (basal sows + supplemented pigs); 3) SB (supplemented sows + basal pigs); 4) SS (supplemented sows + supplemented pigs). Supplemented pigs were offered 0.5g CH-YBG/kg of feed for 10 days post-weaning. On day 10 post-weaning, 1 pig/pen was humanely sacrificed and samples were taken from the gastrointestinal tract for analysis. Pigs weaned from supplemented sows (SS, SB) had reduced faecal scores and incidence of diarrhoea (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows (BB, BS), with SS pigs not displaying the transient rise in faecal scores seen in the other three groups from day 3 to day 10 post-weaning (P<0.05). Pigs weaned from supplemented sows had reduced feed intake (P<0.05), improved feed efficiency (P<0.05), increased butyrate concentrations (P<0.05), increased abundance of Lactobacillus (P<0.05) and decreased abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae (P<0.05) compared to pigs weaned from basal sows. In conclusion, maternal supplementation increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased the abundance of Enterobacteriaceae and Campylobacteraceae while also increasing butyrate concentrations. The combination of maternal and direct supplementation led to pigs having the lowest faecal scores compared to all other groups.
Topics: Animals; Butyrates; Caseins; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Female; Lactation; Plant Breeding; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sus scrofa; Swine; Weaning; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 35839254
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265051