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Neuroscience Letters Sep 2021People with disabilities face many travel barriers. Autonomous vehicles and services may be one solution. The purpose of this project was to conduct a systematic review...
People with disabilities face many travel barriers. Autonomous vehicles and services may be one solution. The purpose of this project was to conduct a systematic review of the grey and scientific literature on autonomous vehicles for people with disabilities. Scientific evidence (n = 35) was limited to four observational studies with a very low level of evidence, qualitative studies, reviews, design and model reports, and policy proposals. Literature on older adults was most prevalent. Grey literature (n = 37) spanned a variety of media and sources and focuses on a variety of disability and impairment types. Results highlight opportunities and barriers to accessible and usable AVs and services, outline research gaps to set a future research agenda, and identify implications for policy and knowledge translation. People with disabilities are a diverse group, and accessible and usable design solutions will therefore need to be tailored to each group's needs, circumstances, and preferences. Future research in diverse disability groups should include more participatory action design and engineering studies and higher quality, prospective experimental studies to evaluate outcomes of accessible and usable AV technology. Studies will need to address not only all vehicle features but also the entire travel journey.
Topics: Automobiles; Autonomous Vehicles; Disabled Persons; Humans; Travel
PubMed: 34237416
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136103 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Nov 2008Disability pensions incur huge societal costs in many countries. In Sweden, the three greatest drivers of such productivity losses are musculo-skeletal, circulatory and... (Review)
Review
Disability pensions incur huge societal costs in many countries. In Sweden, the three greatest drivers of such productivity losses are musculo-skeletal, circulatory and psychiatric disorders, all closely associated with weight status. We identified 16 studies investigating the body mass index (BMI)-disability pension relation. In cross-sectional studies, a significantly greater proportion of obese compared with normal weight subjects were disability pensioners. In longitudinal studies, a J-shaped relation with BMI was generally found in both men and women of various ages. Different definitions of obesity status complicated interpretation, as several studies mixed the underweight and normal weight, which appear to have different disability pension risks. In middle-aged men, relative risks were elevated for circulatory causes only for the overweight and obese, while associations for mental disorders were similar in the underweight and overweight but much higher in the obese. In both sexes, monotonic increases and decreases were seen for circulatory and respiratory causes respectively. In intervention studies, reduced disability pension incidence and increased gainful employment were reported after surgery. In summary, BMI was significantly associated with disability pension, but the direction of causality may vary with underlying cause. Interventions had positive productivity effects in the morbidly obese, but whether this holds for the overweight remains to be proven.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Cross-Sectional Studies; Disabled Persons; Employment; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Obesity; Pensions
PubMed: 18518906
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00502.x -
Cadernos de Saude Publica 2009This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of gender on the incidence of functional disability in the elderly. The search for publications in the MEDLINE, EMBASE,... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aimed to assess the effect of gender on the incidence of functional disability in the elderly. The search for publications in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and ProQuest electronic databases from January 1990 to March 2008 identified 879 publications, from which 21 cohort studies were selected that evaluated gender as an independent variable and incidence of functional disability in elderly as the outcome. Review of the studies found that after adjusting for socioeconomic, health, and social relations indicators, incidence of functional disability was similar between genders. The main risk factors for functional disability in the elderly, regardless of gender, were: lack of schooling, living in rental housing, chronic diseases, arthritis, diabetes, visual impairment, body mass index above 25, poor self-perceived health, cognitive impairment, depression, slow gait, sedentary lifestyle, tiredness while performing daily activities, and limited diversity in social relations.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Aged; Cohort Studies; Disabled Persons; Frail Elderly; Geriatric Assessment; Humans; Incidence; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Socioeconomic Factors
PubMed: 20027393
DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009001500011 -
Disability and Rehabilitation 2015This meta-analysis examined the effects of foot orthoses (FO) on pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
PURPOSE
This meta-analysis examined the effects of foot orthoses (FO) on pain and disability in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.
METHODS
MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, SPORT Scielo, and CINAHL were searched through July 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of orthoses on pain and disability in RA patients. Two reviewers selected studies independently. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) test.
RESULTS
Three studies, involving 110 patients who received FO and 108 control patients, met the study criteria. Relative to controls, FO had a positive impact on pain (WMD 0.40; 95% CI 0.04-0.57). Between group differences in disability were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
FO may improve pain in RA patients, but their impact on disability remains undetermined. Additional large RCTs are needed to investigate the effects of these devices in RA patients. Implications for Rehabilitation The use of foot orthoses (FO) often part of the conservative treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the indication of these devices is usually empiric. Thus, the results of this meta-analysis can provide guidance to rehabilitation professionals to undertake these devices to therapeutic programs. There is no consensus among rehabilitation professionals regarding the efficacy of FO improved pain and disability in patients with RA. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the use of the FO improves pain but has no impact on disability. Thus, rehabilitation professionals, from reading this article will make clear to their patients that benefit of the FO is exclusively in pain improvement. Healthcare professionals and organizations should take into account the costs of production of FO during the definition of the therapeutic program. In case of low cost, the effect on improvement of pain in the feet can justify the indication of these devices to a patient with RA.
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Disabled Persons; Foot Orthoses; Humans; Pain Management; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 25249238
DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2014.961654 -
Archives of Physical Medicine and... Dec 2016To conduct a systematic review to elucidate the frequency, recovery, and associated outcomes for poststroke aphasia over the long-term. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To conduct a systematic review to elucidate the frequency, recovery, and associated outcomes for poststroke aphasia over the long-term.
DATA SOURCES
Using the Cochrane Stroke Strategy, we searched 10 databases, 13 journals, 3 conferences, and the gray literature.
STUDY SELECTION
Our a priori protocol criteria included unselected samples of adult stroke patients from randomized controlled trials or consecutive cohorts. Two independent reviewers rated abstracts and articles for exclusion or inclusion, resolving discrepancies by consensus.
DATA EXTRACTION
We documented aphasia frequencies by stroke type and setting, and computed odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for outcomes.
DATA SYNTHESIS
We retrieved 2168 citations, reviewed 248 articles, and accepted 50. Median frequencies for mixed stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) were 30% and 34% for acute and rehabilitation settings, respectively. Frequencies by stroke type were lowest for acute subarachnoid hemorrhage (9%) and highest for acute ischemic stroke (62%) when arrival to the hospital was ≤3 hours from stroke onset. Articles monitoring aphasia for 1 year demonstrated aphasia frequencies 2% to 12% lower than baseline. Negative outcomes associated with aphasia included greater odds of in-hospital death (OR=2.7; 95% CI, 2.4-3.1) and longer mean length of stay in days (mean=1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.3) in acute settings. Patients with aphasia had greater disability from 28 days (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.7) to 2 years (OR=1.7; 95% CI, 1.6-2.0) than those without aphasia. By 2 years, they used more rehabilitation services (OR=1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6) and returned home less frequently (OR=1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.7).
CONCLUSIONS
Reported frequencies of poststroke aphasia range widely, depending on stroke type and setting. Because aphasia is associated with mortality, disability, and use of health services, we recommend long-term interdisciplinary vigilance in the management of aphasia.
Topics: Aphasia; Disabled Persons; Hospital Mortality; Humans; Incidence; Length of Stay; Stroke
PubMed: 27063364
DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2016.03.006 -
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation Mar 2023Young people with disabilities are persistently under-employed and experience concerning rates of discrimination and ableism in looking for work and within the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Young people with disabilities are persistently under-employed and experience concerning rates of discrimination and ableism in looking for work and within the workplace. Focusing on youth is salient because rates of ableism are often higher among younger ages compared to older. The objective of this systematic review was to explore the experiences and impact of workplace discrimination and ableism among youth and young adults with disabilities.
METHODS
Systematic searches of seven databases from 2000 to 2021 were conducted. Four reviewers independently applied the inclusion criteria, extracted the data and rated the study quality.
RESULTS
Of the 39 studies meeting our inclusion criteria, they represented 516,281 participants across eight countries over a 20-year period. The findings highlight the rates of workplace ableism, factors affecting workplace ableism (i.e., type of disability, gender, education level, lack of employers' knowledge about disability), ableism in job searching and anticipated ableism. The review also noted the impact of workplace ableism, which included pay discrimination, lack of job supports and social exclusion, job turnover and unemployment, and discrimination allegations and charges.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings reveal the stark prevalence of workplace ableism among youth and young adults with disabilities. There is an urgent need for further in-depth research to understand youth's lived experiences of ableism and the development of solutions to address it so they can be included in a meaningful and respectful way in the workplace.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Rehabilitation, Vocational; Workplace; Employment; Disabled Persons; Social Discrimination
PubMed: 35976480
DOI: 10.1007/s10926-022-10049-4 -
Disability and Health Journal Jan 2022Sports participation has many physical and mental health benefits for individuals with a disability including improved functionality and reduced anxiety, yet a large... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sports participation has many physical and mental health benefits for individuals with a disability including improved functionality and reduced anxiety, yet a large proportion of individuals with a disability are inactive.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the experiences and perceived health benefits of sport participation across four disability populations: children and adolescents, adults, elite athletes and veterans with a disability.
METHODS
A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted. Eligible studies had participants who were children, adults, elite athletes or veterans with a physical, visual or intellectual disability. Data were extracted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tool and quality assessment involved the Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD). Content, thematic and narrative synthesis techniques were used. Confidence in cumulative evidence was determined using GRADE-CERQual and Classes of Evidence.
RESULTS
Several positive aspects of sport participation were highlighted across all four populations, including socialisation opportunities, pure enjoyment, a sense of freedom and providing an arena to challenge stereotypes. The paucity of research within the 'veterans with a disability' group limited analysis of experiences and benefits of sport in this population.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review was the first to explore this phenomena, finding that overall sport is a beneficial experience for individuals with a disability. The positive aspects should be promoted when encouraging sport participation for children, adolescents, adults and elite athletes. More research is needed to explore these phenomena in veterans and to compare perceived benefits between populations to enable tailored promotion of sport.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletes; Child; Disabled Persons; Health Status; Humans; Mental Health; Sports
PubMed: 34238729
DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2021.101164 -
International Review of Psychiatry... Oct 2012Stigma and disability are two important consequences of schizophrenia that individuals afflicted with it experience. Sociocultural milieu can influence these. We review... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
BACKGROUND
Stigma and disability are two important consequences of schizophrenia that individuals afflicted with it experience. Sociocultural milieu can influence these. We review the literature on stigma and disability experienced by individuals with schizophrenia in the developing countries.
METHOD
We searched English-language literature from developing countries on stigma and disability in schizophrenia using PubMed and Scopus databases. As individual studies adopted widely varying methodologies, the retrieved papers did not yield themselves for a systematic review. We present a narrative review.
RESULTS
Much of the literature on stigma and disability in schizophrenia has come from India and only a few other developing countries. Stigma associated with schizophrenia is highly prevalent across regions and across patients themselves, families, communities and professionals. Research is scanty with regard to determinants of stigma and interventions against stigma. A number of tools have been developed for assessment of disability. Preliminary evidence suggests that initiation and continuation of antipsychotic medications is associated with lesser disability. Psychosocial interventions may reduce disability further.
CONCLUSIONS
Comprehensive, prospective studies evaluating the determinants of stigma and disability need to be conducted in the developing countries. Models of interventions to minimize these adverse consequences, developed based on their results, need to be tested.
Topics: Asia; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Developing Countries; Disabled Persons; Humans; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Social Stigma
PubMed: 23057979
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2012.703644 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 2023Low-back pain (LBP) may be directly or indirectly related to impairments from the hip joint. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Low-back pain (LBP) may be directly or indirectly related to impairments from the hip joint.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effectiveness of hip interventions on pain and disability in patients with LBP in the short-, medium-, and long-term.
METHODS
PubMed, Cochrane Library, PEDro, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases were searched in November 2022. Randomized controlled trials involving hip-targeted interventions compared to specific low back interventions in patients with LBP were selected. The outcomes were pain intensity and disability. The quality of the studies was assessed with the risk of bias tool. GRADE was used to rate the certainty of evidence. Meta-analyses were conducted using random effects models.
RESULTS
A total of 2581 studies were screened. Eight were included in the meta-analysis involving 508 patients with LBP. The results provided very low certainty that both hip strengthening and hip stretching improved pain (MD = -0.66; 95% CI -0.86, -0.48; I:0%) (MD = -0.55; 95% CI -1.02, -0.08) and disability (SMD = -0.81; 95% CI -1.53, -0.10; I: 80%) (SMD = -1.03; 95% CI -1.82, -0.25) in the short-term, respectively. No benefits were found in the medium- or long-term. The risk of bias, heterogeneity, and imprecision of the results downgraded the level of evidence.
CONCLUSIONS
Very low certainty evidence suggest a positive effect of hip strengthening in isolation or combined with specific low back exercise and hip stretching combined with specific low back exercise for decreasing pain intensity and disability in the short-term, in patients with LBP.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO CRD42022303173.
Topics: Humans; Chronic Pain; Low Back Pain; Exercise Therapy; Pain Measurement; Disabled Persons
PubMed: 37037144
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2023.100502 -
Occupational and Environmental Medicine Jan 2020The aim of this study was to determine the associations of body mass index (BMI) with all-cause and cause-specific disability retirement. Literature searches were... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The aim of this study was to determine the associations of body mass index (BMI) with all-cause and cause-specific disability retirement. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science from their inception to May 2019. A total of 27 (25 prospective cohort and 2 nested case-control) studies consisting of 2 199 632 individuals qualified for a meta-analysis. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. We used a random effects meta-analysis, assessed heterogeneity and publication bias, and performed sensitivity analyses. There were a large number of participants and the majority of studies were rated at low or moderate risk of bias. There was a J-shaped relationship between BMI and disability retirement. Underweight (hazard ratio (HR)/risk ratio (RR)=1.20, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.41), overweight (HR/RR=1.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.19) and obese individuals (HR/RR=1.52, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.71) were more commonly granted all-cause disability retirement than normal-weight individuals. Moreover, overweight increased the risk of disability retirement due to musculoskeletal disorders (HR/RR=1.26, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.39) and cardiovascular diseases (HR=1.73, 95% CI 1.24 to 2.41), and obesity increased the risk of disability retirement due to musculoskeletal disorders (HR/RR=1.66, 95% CI 1.42 to 1.94), mental disorders (HR=1.29, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.61) and cardiovascular diseases (HR=2.80, 95% CI 1.85 to 4.24). The association between excess body mass and all-cause disability retirement did not differ between men and women and was independent of selection bias, performance bias, confounding and adjustment for publication bias. Obesity markedly increases the risk of disability retirement due to musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders. Since the prevalence of obesity is increasing globally, disease burden associated with excess body mass and disability retirement consequently are projected to increase. : CRD42018103110.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases; Disabled Persons; Humans; Mental Disorders; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Obesity; Odds Ratio; Overweight; Prospective Studies; Retirement
PubMed: 31467042
DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-105876