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British Journal of Cancer Jun 2011Epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in breast cancer risk and disease... (Review)
Review
A systematic review to establish the frequency of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in normal breast epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ, microinvasive carcinoma of the breast and invasive breast cancer.
BACKGROUND
Epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibiting non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in breast cancer risk and disease progression. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the frequency of COX-2 expression in normal breast epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ of breast (DCIS), DCIS-adjoining invasive breast cancer, microinvasive carcinoma of the breast (MICB) and invasive breast cancer.
METHODS
Literature searches were carried out on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science from their commencement until September 2010. Primary studies examining COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry methodology were included. Meta-analyses were carried out using random effects models for individual study estimates of COX-2 expression and pooled to give an overall estimate.
RESULTS
The pooled prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of COX-2 expressions were 53% (44-61) in DCIS studies and 42% (36-49) in the invasive breast cancer studies. There were too few studies involving normal breast epithelium, DCIS-adjoining invasive breast cancer and MICB to conduct meta-analyses.
CONCLUSION
The findings from our meta-analyses have shown similar COX-2 expression in DCIS and invasive breast cancer. This may suggest the involvement of COX-2 in early carcinogenesis. Further studies of COX-2 expression in DCIS are required to investigate the use of COX-2 as a potential drug target for prevention of disease progression in DCIS.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast; Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating; Cyclooxygenase 2; Female; Humans; Meta-Analysis as Topic; Neoplasm Invasiveness
PubMed: 21654686
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.204 -
British Journal of Cancer Feb 2021The host adaptive immune response helps determine which cervical HPV infections persist and progress to precancer and cancer, and systematic characterisation of T-cell... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The host adaptive immune response helps determine which cervical HPV infections persist and progress to precancer and cancer, and systematic characterisation of T-cell infiltration would help inform key steps in cervical carcinogenesis.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of infiltrating T-cells in normal cervix, low-grade lesions, high-grade lesions, and invasive cancers including epithelial, stromal, and total tissue and the following markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD25, and the CD4:CD8 ratio. An additional qualitative review summarised longitudinal data on associations between infiltrating T-cells and cervical disease persistence, regression, progression, or prognosis.
RESULTS
There were fewer CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells in cervical lesions and more cells in cancers compared to normal epithelium. FoxP3 and CD25+ regulatory T-cell infiltration is high in persistent and precancerous lesions, and longitudinal data show improved outcomes with lower regulatory T-cell levels.
CONCLUSIONS
Successful immune evasion may reduce T-cell infiltration in HPV infected and precancerous epithelium, while invasive cancers are highly immunogenic, and regulatory T-cell infiltration increases with cervical disease progression. Understanding these factors may have prognostic value and could aid in novel treatment development and clinical guidelines, but published data are highly heterogeneous and leave important gaps to be filled by future studies.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Female; Humans; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 33257839
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01184-x -
Archives of Dermatological Research May 2013Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is regarded as one of the most important parameters for characterizing skin barrier function but an agreed upon definition of what a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis Review
Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is regarded as one of the most important parameters for characterizing skin barrier function but an agreed upon definition of what a "normal" TEWL is does not exist. In order to determine generalizable TEWL values for healthy adults, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. The databases MEDLINE and EMBASE and publication lists were screened. After full-text appraisal of 398 studies, 231 studies were excluded due to unclear or insufficient reporting. 167 studies providing data about 50 skin areas were included in the final data synthesis. Pooled sample sizes ranged from n = 5 for the left cheek and the left lower back to a maximum of n = 2,838 for the right midvolar forearm area. The lowest TEWL of 2.3 (95 % CI 1.9-2.7) g/m(2)/h was calculated for the breast skin, the highest TEWL of 44.0 (39.8-48.2) g/m(2)/h for the axilla. TEWL in individuals being 65 years and above was consistently lower compared to the group of 18- to 64-year-old individuals. The quality of reporting TEWL in humans should be increased in future studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Aging; Epidermis; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Water Loss, Insensible; Young Adult
PubMed: 23341028
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1313-6 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2022The purpose of this review was to summarize current applications of non-contrast-enhanced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) in tissue differentiation,...
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this review was to summarize current applications of non-contrast-enhanced quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) in tissue differentiation, considering healthy tissues as well as comparisons of malignant and benign samples. The analysis concentrates mainly on the epithelium and epithelial breast tissue, especially breast cancer.
METHODS
A systematic review has been performed based on current recommendations by publishers and foundations. An exhaustive overview of currently used techniques and their potential in medical sciences was obtained by creating a search strategy and explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
PubMed and Elsevier (Scopus & Science Direct) search was narrowed down to studies reporting T1 or T2 values of human tissues, resulting in 404 initial candidates, out of which roughly 20% were found relevant and fitting the review criteria. The nervous system, especially the brain, and connective tissue such as cartilage were the most frequently analyzed, while the breast remained one of the most uncommon subjects of studies. There was little agreement between published T1 or T2 values, and methodologies and experimental setups differed strongly. Few contemporary (after 2000) resources have been identified that were dedicated to studying the relaxation times of tissues and their diagnostic applications. Most publications concentrate on recommended diagnostic standards, for example, breast acquisition of T1- or T2-weighted images using gadolinium-based contrast agents. Not enough data is available yet to decide how repeatable or reliable analysis of relaxation times is in diagnostics, so it remains mainly a research topic. So far, qMRI might be recommended as a diagnostic help providing general insight into the nature of lesions (benign vs. malignant). However, additional means are generally necessary to differentiate between specific lesion types.
PubMed: 36531030
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1010643 -
Pathology, Research and Practice Apr 2020Granular cell tumor (GCT) remains a diagnostic clinicopathologic problem because the exact frequency of its detailed morphological and clinical characteristics is...
BACKGROUND
Granular cell tumor (GCT) remains a diagnostic clinicopathologic problem because the exact frequency of its detailed morphological and clinical characteristics is unknown as most observations are collected from small series or isolated cases. Herein, our aim is to highlight the frequency of all clinicopathological characteristics of this rare tumor based in our series and the available medical (PubMed) literature.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
42 cases were evaluated for: tissue layers involved by the tumor (in skin and mucosae), growth pattern, nuclear pleomorphism, mitotic index, necrosis, spindling, calcification, hyalinization, and pustule-ovoid bodies of Milian, as well as perineural and vascular invasion, and the presence of adjacent epithelium changes, and lymphocytes and eosinophils infiltration., Follow-up was analyzed. The tumors were subclassified into benign, atypical and malignant according to Fanburg-Smith criteria and into benign or GCT of uncertain malignant potential according to Nasser criteria. The same characteristics were analyzed for 1499 cases reviewed according to PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS
In the current series, the mean age at diagnosis was 45.8 years (range 6-69 years). Most patients were females (60 %) and the involved organs were by descending frequency: skin and subcutaneous tissue, bronchus, esophagus, breast, tongue, larynx, pharynx, gingiva, trachea, right colon, vulva, and hypopharynx. No recurrence or progression was seen, despite 32 cases were incompletely excised, with the exception of one malignant tumor. The growth pattern was either infiltrative (85.71 %) or well limited (7.14 %). Sixteen tumors had vesicular nuclei. Mitotic activity was found in two tumors. Lymphocytic infiltration was found in 14 tumors. Eosinophils were present in 6 cases. One GCT of the right colon showed extensive calcification and hyalinization. Perineural invasion was noted in 6 lesions. No vascular invasion was found. One tumor was clinically malignant and the patient died 2 years after diagnosis. Medical literature review showed similar results in terms of frequency of the reported clinical and morphological features. Among cases with available follow up, almost 20 % showed positive margins and of those 20 % developed local recurrence. According to the Fanburg-Smith criteria, 72 % would be benign, 17 % atypical and 11 % malignant tumors, while according to those of Nasser, 93 % would be benign and 7% of uncertain malignant potential. However, true malignancy, as affirmed by metastasis of GCT is found in almost 2.5 % of the cases.
CONCLUSION
GCT is a usually benign tumor, affecting any anatomic location. Necrosis and mitotic activity seem to be the most effective histologic criteria for detecting aggressive tumors, but the presence of metastasis (2.5 % of the cases) remains the most accepted definitive criterion for diagnosis of malignant GCT.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Child; Female; Granular Cell Tumor; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 32089415
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152865 -
Journal of the American Society of... 2021The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) was first published in 2016 with clear objectives to standardize cytologic diagnostic criteria and provide uniform...
INTRODUCTION
The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) was first published in 2016 with clear objectives to standardize cytologic diagnostic criteria and provide uniform reporting, in order to improve patient stratification and associated clinical management. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of TPS and review the literature published since TPS was introduced.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Original articles focusing on the utilization and performance of TPS in urinary cytology specimens were identified using PubMed for publications from January 2016 to July 2020, using the keywords "Paris System", "urine cytology", and "urinary cytology".
RESULTS
Twenty-three relevant articles in the literature regarding the use of TPS were included in the review from a total of 30,802 urine cytology specimens, of which 21,485 (69.8%) had available diagnoses. Distribution of cases among categories ranged from 50.5% to 95.3% for negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC), 1.2% to 23% for atypical urothelial cells (AUC), 0.2% to 6.6% for suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinomas (SHGUC), and 2.2% to 14.1% for high-grade urothelial carcinomas (HGUC). The calculated risk of high-grade malignancy (ROHM) ranged from 8.7% to 36.8% for NHGUC, 12.3% to 60.9%% for AUC, 33.3% to 100% for SHGUC, and 58.8% to 100% for HGUC. Mean ROHM weighted by sample size was calculated at 15.7% (±7.8%), 38.5% (±14.3%), 76.2% (±17.2%), and 88.8% (±12.7%) for NHGUC, AUC, SHGUC, and HGUC, respectively. Reported sensitivity of TPS ranged from 40% to 84.7%, specificity from 73% to 100%, PPV from 62.3% to 100%, and NPV from 46% to 90%.
CONCLUSIONS
The application of TPS in the selected series has improved the screening and surveillance potential of urine cytology, while reducing high rates of indeterminate diagnoses, improving sensitivity and providing proper risk stratification for patients.
Topics: Carcinoma; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Microscopy; Neoplasm Grading; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; Urinalysis; Urine; Urologic Neoplasms; Urothelium
PubMed: 33160893
DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2020.10.002 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Sep 2018With the continued application of fat grafting in plastic surgery, many studies have focused on various factors to improve maintenance of the fat graft volume, such as...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
With the continued application of fat grafting in plastic surgery, many studies have focused on various factors to improve maintenance of the fat graft volume, such as platelet-rich plasma, adipose-derived stromal/stem cells, and the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). In addition, many review articles have investigated the functions of platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived stromal/stem cells in fat grafting, although the usefulness of the SVF remains unclear. The aim of the present review was to determine whether SVF use could maintain a fat graft.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted of the PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase databases of original articles published up to February 2018.
RESULTS
Relevant articles were identified by screening the abstracts. A total of 58 full texts were initially identified. After exclusion, 17 articles, including 6 animal studies and 11 clinical studies, were included for analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
Most studies found a significant and measurable long-term effect of SVF-enhanced fat grafting on breast augmentation and defects, wound healing, scaring, and facial aesthetic outcomes. Stromal vascular fraction use did not result in a higher instance of complications and, thus, can be considered a safe option for fat grafting.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Endothelial Cells; Graft Survival; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Outcome Assessment, Health Care; Pericytes; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 30095540
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000001589