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Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) Dec 2020The cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers still represents a major therapeutic challenge. The latest genomic studies have classified breast cancers in distinct... (Review)
Review
The cellular heterogeneity of breast cancers still represents a major therapeutic challenge. The latest genomic studies have classified breast cancers in distinct clusters to inform the therapeutic approaches and predict clinical outcomes. The mammary epithelium is composed of luminal and basal cells, and this seemingly hierarchical organization is dependent on various stem cells and progenitors populating the mammary gland. Some cancer cells are conceptually similar to the stem cells as they can self-renew and generate bulk populations of nontumorigenic cells. Two models have been proposed to explain the cell of origin of breast cancer and involve either the reprogramming of differentiated mammary cells or the dysregulation of mammary stem cells or progenitors. Both hypotheses are not exclusive and imply the accumulation of independent mutational events. Cancer stem cells have been isolated from breast tumors and implicated in the development, metastasis, and recurrence of breast cancers. Recent advances in single-cell sequencing help deciphering the clonal evolution within each breast tumor. Still, few clinical trials have been focused on these specific cancer cell populations.
Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Incidence; Mammary Glands, Human; Mice; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Risk Assessment; Stem Cells
PubMed: 33142233
DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.009 -
Physiological Reviews Apr 2020The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by... (Review)
Review
The mammary gland is a highly dynamic organ that undergoes profound changes within its epithelium during puberty and the reproductive cycle. These changes are fueled by dedicated stem and progenitor cells. Both short- and long-lived lineage-restricted progenitors have been identified in adult tissue as well as a small pool of multipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs), reflecting intrinsic complexity within the epithelial hierarchy. While unipotent progenitor cells predominantly execute day-to-day homeostasis and postnatal morphogenesis during puberty and pregnancy, multipotent MaSCs have been implicated in coordinating alveologenesis and long-term ductal maintenance. Nonetheless, the multipotency of stem cells in the adult remains controversial. The advent of large-scale single-cell molecular profiling has revealed striking changes in the gene expression landscape through ontogeny and the presence of transient intermediate populations. An increasing number of lineage cell-fate determination factors and potential niche regulators have now been mapped along the hierarchy, with many implicated in breast carcinogenesis. The emerging diversity among stem and progenitor populations of the mammary epithelium is likely to underpin the heterogeneity that characterizes breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Female; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Morphogenesis; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Phenotype; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells; Transcription Factors; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 31539305
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2018 -
Cell Nov 2009Tumors are characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening. The importance of ECM remodeling to cancer is appreciated; the relevance of stiffening...
Tumors are characterized by extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening. The importance of ECM remodeling to cancer is appreciated; the relevance of stiffening is less clear. We found that breast tumorigenesis is accompanied by collagen crosslinking, ECM stiffening, and increased focal adhesions. Induction of collagen crosslinking stiffened the ECM, promoted focal adhesions, enhanced PI3 kinase (PI3K) activity, and induced the invasion of an oncogene-initiated epithelium. Inhibition of integrin signaling repressed the invasion of a premalignant epithelium into a stiffened, crosslinked ECM and forced integrin clustering promoted focal adhesions, enhanced PI3K signaling, and induced the invasion of a premalignant epithelium. Consistently, reduction of lysyl oxidase-mediated collagen crosslinking prevented MMTV-Neu-induced fibrosis, decreased focal adhesions and PI3K activity, impeded malignancy, and lowered tumor incidence. These data show how collagen crosslinking can modulate tissue fibrosis and stiffness to force focal adhesions, growth factor signaling and breast malignancy.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Breast Neoplasms; Collagen; Epidermal Growth Factor; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Fibrosis; Genes, ras; Humans; Integrins; Mammary Glands, Human; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Protein-Lysine 6-Oxidase; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 19931152
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.027 -
Nature Communications Dec 2018Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment, although their origin and roles in shaping disease initiation, progression...
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major constituent of the tumor microenvironment, although their origin and roles in shaping disease initiation, progression and treatment response remain unclear due to significant heterogeneity. Here, following a negative selection strategy combined with single-cell RNA sequencing of 768 transcriptomes of mesenchymal cells from a genetically engineered mouse model of breast cancer, we define three distinct subpopulations of CAFs. Validation at the transcriptional and protein level in several experimental models of cancer and human tumors reveal spatial separation of the CAF subclasses attributable to different origins, including the peri-vascular niche, the mammary fat pad and the transformed epithelium. Gene profiles for each CAF subtype correlate to distinctive functional programs and hold independent prognostic capability in clinical cohorts by association to metastatic disease. In conclusion, the improved resolution of the widely defined CAF population opens the possibility for biomarker-driven development of drugs for precision targeting of CAFs.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Biomarkers, Tumor; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts; Cell Cycle; Cell Line, Tumor; Cluster Analysis; Disease Progression; Epithelium; Female; Fibroblasts; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Intercellular Junctions; Logistic Models; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Prognosis; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Transcription Factors; Transcriptome
PubMed: 30514914
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07582-3 -
Nature Genetics Apr 2023Women with germline BRCA1 mutations (BRCA1) have increased risk for hereditary breast cancer. Cancer initiation in BRCA1 is associated with premalignant changes in...
Women with germline BRCA1 mutations (BRCA1) have increased risk for hereditary breast cancer. Cancer initiation in BRCA1 is associated with premalignant changes in breast epithelium; however, the role of the epithelium-associated stromal niche during BRCA1-driven tumor initiation remains unclear. Here we show that the premalignant stromal niche promotes epithelial proliferation and mutant BRCA1-driven tumorigenesis in trans. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of human preneoplastic BRCA1 and noncarrier breast tissues, we show distinct changes in epithelial homeostasis including increased proliferation and expansion of basal-luminal intermediate progenitor cells. Additionally, BRCA1 stromal cells show increased expression of pro-proliferative paracrine signals. In particular, we identify pre-cancer-associated fibroblasts (pre-CAFs) that produce protumorigenic factors including matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), which promotes BRCA1-driven tumorigenesis in vivo. Together, our findings demonstrate that precancerous stroma in BRCA1 may elevate breast cancer risk through the promotion of epithelial proliferation and an accumulation of luminal progenitor cells with altered differentiation.
Topics: Female; Humans; Mutation; BRCA1 Protein; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Mammary Glands, Human; Carcinogenesis; Stromal Cells
PubMed: 36914836
DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01298-x -
The International Journal of... 2011Over the last few years, the discovery of basal-type mammary carcinomas and the association of the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelium with the basal... (Review)
Review
Over the last few years, the discovery of basal-type mammary carcinomas and the association of the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelium with the basal myoepithelial cell population have attracted considerable attention to this second major mammary lineage. However, many questions concerning the role of basal myoepithelial cells in mammary morphogenesis, functional differentiation and disease remain unanswered. Here, we discuss the mechanisms that control the myoepithelial cell differentiation essential for their contractile function, summarize new data concerning the roles played by cell-extracellular matrix (ECM), intercellular and paracrine interactions in the regulation of various aspects of the mammary basal myoepithelial cell functional activity. Finally, we analyze the contribution of the basal myoepithelial cells to the regenerative potential of the mammary epithelium and tumorigenesis.
Topics: Animals; Breast; Breast Neoplasms; Cell Communication; Cell Differentiation; Epithelial Cells; Extracellular Matrix; Female; Humans; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mice; Myoepithelioma; Paracrine Communication; Signal Transduction; Stem Cells
PubMed: 21948739
DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.113385mm -
Science Translational Medicine Feb 2023Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, is an established risk factor for breast cancer among women in the general population after menopause. Whether...
Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, is an established risk factor for breast cancer among women in the general population after menopause. Whether elevated BMI is a risk factor for women with a germline mutation in or is less clear because of inconsistent findings from epidemiological studies and a lack of mechanistic studies in this population. Here, we show that DNA damage in normal breast epithelia of women carrying a mutation is positively correlated with BMI and with biomarkers of metabolic dysfunction. In addition, RNA sequencing showed obesity-associated alterations to the breast adipose microenvironment of mutation carriers, including activation of estrogen biosynthesis, which affected neighboring breast epithelial cells. In breast tissue explants cultured from women carrying a mutation, we found that blockade of estrogen biosynthesis or estrogen receptor activity decreased DNA damage. Additional obesity-associated factors, including leptin and insulin, increased DNA damage in human heterozygous epithelial cells, and inhibiting the signaling of these factors with a leptin-neutralizing antibody or PI3K inhibitor, respectively, decreased DNA damage. Furthermore, we show that increased adiposity was associated with mammary gland DNA damage and increased penetrance of mammary tumors in mice. Overall, our results provide mechanistic evidence in support of a link between elevated BMI and breast cancer development in mutation carriers. This suggests that maintaining a lower body weight or pharmacologically targeting estrogen or metabolic dysfunction may reduce the risk of breast cancer in this population.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Mice; Germ-Line Mutation; Leptin; Mammary Glands, Human; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; BRCA2 Protein; BRCA1 Protein; Breast Neoplasms; DNA Damage; Epithelium; Obesity; Estrogens; Mutation; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36812344
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade1857 -
Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the... Jan 2018Postnatal mammary gland development requires the presence of mammary stem and progenitor cells (MaSC), which give rise to functional milk-secreting cells and regenerate... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Postnatal mammary gland development requires the presence of mammary stem and progenitor cells (MaSC), which give rise to functional milk-secreting cells and regenerate the mammary epithelium with each cycle of lactation. These long-lived, tissue-resident MaSC are also targets for malignant transformation and may be cancer cells-of-origin. Consequently, MaSC are extensively researched in relation to their role and function in development, tissue regeneration, lactation, and breast cancer. The basic structure and function of the mammary gland are conserved among all mammalian species, from the most primitive to the most evolved. However, species vary greatly in their lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, making MaSC an interesting focus for comparative research. MaSC have been characterized in mice, to a lesser degree in humans, and to an even lesser degree in few additional mammals. They remain uncharacterized in most mammalian species, including "ancient" monotremes, marsupials, wild, and rare species, as well as in common and domestic species such as cats. Identification and comparison of MaSC across a large variety of species, particularly those with extreme lactational adaptations or low mammary cancer incidence, is expected to deepen our understanding of development and malignancy in the mammary gland. Here, we review the current status of MaSC characterization across species, and underline species variations in lactation and mammary cancer through which we may learn about the role of MaSC in these processes. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal; Mice; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Primates; Rodentia; Ruminants; Species Specificity; Stem Cells
PubMed: 28834173
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23190 -
Genes & Development Jun 2014The mammary epithelium is highly responsive to local and systemic signals, which orchestrate morphogenesis of the ductal tree during puberty and pregnancy. Based on... (Review)
Review
The mammary epithelium is highly responsive to local and systemic signals, which orchestrate morphogenesis of the ductal tree during puberty and pregnancy. Based on transplantation and lineage tracing studies, a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells has been shown to exist among the mammary epithelium. Lineage tracing has highlighted the existence of bipotent mammary stem cells (MaSCs) in situ as well as long-lived unipotent cells that drive morphogenesis and homeostasis of the ductal tree. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence for a heterogeneous MaSC compartment comprising fetal MaSCs, slow-cycling cells, and both long-term and short-term repopulating cells. In parallel, diverse luminal progenitor subtypes have been identified in mouse and human mammary tissue. Elucidation of the normal cellular hierarchy is an important step toward understanding the "cells of origin" and molecular perturbations that drive breast cancer.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Female; Humans; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Stem Cell Transplantation; Stem Cells
PubMed: 24888586
DOI: 10.1101/gad.242511.114 -
Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and... Jun 2015The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation,... (Review)
Review
The mammary gland undergoes dramatic post-natal growth beginning at puberty, followed by full development occurring during pregnancy and lactation. Following lactation, the alveoli undergo apoptosis, and the mammary gland reverses back to resemble the nonparous gland. This process of growth and regression occurs for multiple pregnancies, suggesting the presence of a hierarchy of stem and progenitor cells that are able to regenerate specialized populations of mammary epithelial cells. Expansion of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland is regulated by ovarian steroids, in particular estrogen acting through its receptor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and progesterone signaling through progesterone receptor (PR). A diverse number of stem and progenitor cells have been identified based on expression of cell surface markers and functional assays. Here we review the current understanding of how estrogen and progesterone act together and separately to regulate stem and progenitor cells within the human and mouse mammary tissues. Better understanding of the hierarchal organization of epithelial cell populations in the mammary gland and how the hormonal milieu affects its regulation may provide important insights into the origins of different subtypes of breast cancer.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Epithelium; Estrogen Receptor alpha; Estrogens; Female; Humans; Mammary Glands, Animal; Mammary Glands, Human; Parity; Pregnancy; Progesterone; Receptors, Progesterone; Stem Cells; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 26188694
DOI: 10.1007/s10911-015-9337-0