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Clinical Psychology Review Feb 2021Growing evidence indicates the community of microorganisms throughout the gastrointestinal tract, (i.e., gut microbiota), is associated with anxiety and depressive... (Review)
Review
Growing evidence indicates the community of microorganisms throughout the gastrointestinal tract, (i.e., gut microbiota), is associated with anxiety and depressive disorders. We present the first systematic review of the gut microbiota in anxiety disorders, along with an update in depression. Consideration of shared underlying features is essential due to the high rates of comorbidity. Systematic searches, following PRISMA guidelines, identified 26 studies (two case-control comparisons of the gut microbiota in generalised anxiety disorder, 18 in depression, one incorporating both anxiety/depression, and five including symptom-only measures). Alpha and beta diversity findings were inconsistent; however, differences in bacterial taxa indicated disorders may be characterised by a higher abundance of proinflammatory species (e.g., Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrio), and lower short-chain fatty acid producing-bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium). Several taxa, and their mechanisms of action, may relate to anxiety and depression pathophysiology via communication of peripheral inflammation to the brain. Although the gut microbiota remains a promising target for prevention and therapy, future research should assess confounders, particularly diet and psychotropic medications, and should examine microorganism function.
Topics: Anxiety; Anxiety Disorders; Brain; Depression; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans
PubMed: 33271426
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101943 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Mar 2022The gut microbiota is the set of microorganisms present in the gut, and it is connected to the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis. Despite there is not a... (Review)
Review
The gut microbiota is the set of microorganisms present in the gut, and it is connected to the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis. Despite there is not a definitive description of the eubiotic microbiota architecture, numerous studies have demonstrated its involvement in human behaviour and its relationship with several pathologies. This is a systematic review about the association between dysbiosis on the gut microbiota and the presence of neurological or neuropsychiatric diseases such as cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ADHD, and depression. Furthermore, this study analyzes the potential benefits of psychobiotics supplementation for these pathologies. Searches were conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and PsycINFO. 17 articles were included in this review, the majority were published after 2019. The results showed that gut dysbiosis predicts the development of these pathologies and influences their pathogenesis. In addition, it was found that different psychobiotics, mainly dietary fibers and probiotics of the Lactobacillus family, improved different cognitive functions such as cognitive performance and induce a reduced cortisol response. Improvement in different cognitive functions is possible when understanding gut microbiota-brain axis, enteric nervous system, neural-immune system, neuroendocrine system, and central nervous system's relationship.
Topics: Brain; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Microbiota; Probiotics
PubMed: 34942539
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105640 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021Understanding changes in oral flora during pregnancy, its association to maternal health, and its implications to birth outcomes is essential. We searched PubMed,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Understanding changes in oral flora during pregnancy, its association to maternal health, and its implications to birth outcomes is essential. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library in May 2020 (updated search in April and June 2021), and conducted a systematic review and meta-analyses to assess the followings: (1) oral microflora changes throughout pregnancy, (2) association between oral microorganisms during pregnancy and maternal oral/systemic conditions, and (3) implications of oral microorganisms during pregnancy on birth outcomes. From 3983 records, 78 studies were included for qualitative assessment, and 13 studies were included in meta-analysis. The oral microflora remains relatively stable during pregnancy; however, pregnancy was associated with distinct composition/abundance of oral microorganisms when compared to postpartum/non-pregnant status. Oral microflora during pregnancy appears to be influenced by oral and systemic conditions (e.g. gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, etc.). Prenatal dental care reduced the carriage of oral pathogens (e.g. Streptococcus mutans). The Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque was more abundant in women with preterm birth. Given the results from meta-analyses were inconclusive since limited studies reported outcomes on the same measuring scale, more future studies are needed to elucidate the association between pregnancy oral microbiota and maternal oral/systemic health and birth outcomes.
Topics: Female; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth; Publication Bias; Risk
PubMed: 34413437
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96495-1 -
Neurology Mar 2014To define clinical characteristics, causative organisms, and outcome, and evaluate trends in epidemiology and outcome of brain abscesses over the past 60 years. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To define clinical characteristics, causative organisms, and outcome, and evaluate trends in epidemiology and outcome of brain abscesses over the past 60 years.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on brain abscesses published between 1970 and March 2013. Studies were included if they reported at least 10 patients with brain abscesses, included less than 50% extra-axial CNS infections (empyema) without brain abscess, and did not solely report on brain abscesses caused by a single pathogen.
RESULTS
We identified 123 studies including 9,699 patients reported between 1935 and 2012. There was a male predominance of 2.4 to 1, and the mean age of patients with brain abscesses was 34 years. The most common causative microorganisms were Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species, comprising 2,000 (34%) and 1,076 (18%) of 5,894 cultured bacteria. Geographical distribution of causative microorganisms over continents was similar and did not substantially change over the past 60 years. Predisposing conditions were present in 8,134 of 9,484 patients (86%) and mostly consisted of contiguous or metastatic foci of infection. The classic triad of fever, headache, and focal neurologic deficits was present in 131 of 668 (20%) of patients. Case fatality rate decreased from 40% to 10% over the past 5 decades, while the rate of patients with full recovery increased from 33% to 70%.
CONCLUSIONS
The prognosis of patients with brain abscesses has gradually improved over the past 60 years. Important changes over time were the modality of cranial imaging, neurosurgical technique, and antimicrobial regimen.
Topics: Brain Abscess; Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections; Female; Humans; Male; Prevalence; Sex Factors; Staphylococcal Infections; Streptococcal Infections; Survival Rate
PubMed: 24477107
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000172 -
PloS One 2023Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are significant problems as public health issues which need attention. Such infections are significant problems for society and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are significant problems as public health issues which need attention. Such infections are significant problems for society and healthcare organizations. This study aimed to carry out a systematic review and a meta-analysis to analyze the prevalence of HAIs globally.
METHODS
We conducted a comprehensive search of electronic databases including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science between 2000 and June 2021. We found 7031 articles. After removing the duplicates, 5430 studies were screened based on the titles/ abstracts. Then, we systematically evaluated the full texts of the 1909 remaining studies and selected 400 records with 29,159,630 participants for meta-analysis. Random-effects model was used for the analysis, and heterogeneity analysis and publication bias test were conducted.
RESULTS
The rate of universal HAIs was 0.14 percent. The rate of HAIs is increasing by 0.06 percent annually. The highest rate of HAIs was in the AFR, while the lowest prevalence were in AMR and WPR. Besides, AFR prevalence in central Africa is higher than in other parts of the world by 0.27 (95% CI, 0.22-0.34). Besides, E. coli infected patients more than other micro-organisms such as Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In hospital wards, Transplant, and Neonatal wards and ICU had the highest rates. The prevalence of HAIs was higher in men than in women.
CONCLUSION
We identified several essential details about the rate of HAIs in various parts of the world. The HAIs rate and the most common micro-organism were different in various contexts. However, several essential gaps were also identified. The study findings can help hospital managers and health policy makers identify the reason for HAIs and apply effective control programs to implement different plans to reduce the HAIs rate and the financial costs of such infections and save resources.
Topics: Male; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Female; Cross Infection; Prevalence; Escherichia coli; Hospitals; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 36706112
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274248 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Feb 2022Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are one of the gravest threats to patient safety worldwide. The importance of the hospital environment has recently been revalued... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) are one of the gravest threats to patient safety worldwide. The importance of the hospital environment has recently been revalued in infection prevention and control. Though the literature is evolving rapidly, many institutions still do not consider healthcare environmental hygiene (HEH) very important for patient safety. The evidence for interventions in the healthcare environment on patient colonization and HAI with multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDROs) or other epidemiologically relevant pathogens was reviewed.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review according to the PRISMA guidelines using the PubMed and Web of Science databases. All original studies were eligible if published before December 31, 2019, and if the effect of an HEH intervention on HAI or patient colonization was measured. Studies were not eligible if they were conducted in vitro, did not include patient colonization or HAI as an outcome, were bundled with hand hygiene interventions, included a complete structural rebuild of the healthcare facility or were implemented during an outbreak. The primary outcome was the comparison of the intervention on patient colonization or HAI compared to baseline or control. Interventions were categorized by mechanical, chemical, human factors, or bundles. Study quality was assessed using a specifically-designed tool that considered study design, sample size, control, confounders, and issues with reporting. The effect of HEH interventions on environmental bioburden was studied as a secondary outcome.
FINDINGS
After deduplication, 952 records were scrutinized, of which 44 were included for full text assessment. A total of 26 articles were included in the review and analyzed. Most studies demonstrated a reduction of patient colonization or HAI, and all that analyzed bioburden demonstrated a reduction following the HEH intervention. Studies tested mechanical interventions (n = 8), chemical interventions (n = 7), human factors interventions (n = 3), and bundled interventions (n = 8). The majority of studies (21/26, 81%) analyzed either S. aureus, C. difficile, and/or vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Most studies (23/26, 88%) reported a decrease of MDRO-colonization or HAI for at least one of the tested organisms, while 58% reported a significant decrease of MDRO-colonization or HAI for all tested microorganisms. Forty-two percent were of good quality according to the scoring system. The majority (21/26, 81%) of study interventions were recommended for application by the authors. Studies were often not powered adequately to measure statistically significant reductions.
INTERPRETATION
Improving HEH helps keep patients safe. Most studies demonstrated that interventions in the hospital environment were related with lower HAI and/or patient colonization. Most of the studies were not of high quality; additional adequately-powered, high-quality studies are needed. Systematic registration number: CRD42020204909.
Topics: Clostridioides difficile; Cross Infection; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Hygiene; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 35183259
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01075-1 -
Microorganisms Apr 2021Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting systemic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It is well established that the gut microbiome has a... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting systemic disease of the gastrointestinal tract. It is well established that the gut microbiome has a profound impact on IBD pathogenesis. Our aim was to systematically review the literature on the IBD gut microbiome and its usefulness to provide microbiome-based biomarkers. A systematic search of the online bibliographic database PubMed from inception to August 2020 with screening in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was conducted. One-hundred and forty-four papers were eligible for inclusion. There was a wide heterogeneity in microbiome analysis methods or experimental design. The IBD intestinal microbiome was generally characterized by reduced species richness and diversity, and lower temporal stability, while changes in the gut microbiome seemed to play a pivotal role in determining the onset of IBD. Multiple studies have identified certain microbial taxa that are enriched or depleted in IBD, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. The two main features in this sense are the decrease in beneficial bacteria and the increase in pathogenic bacteria. Significant differences were also present between remission and relapse IBD status. Shifts in gut microbial community composition and abundance have proven to be valuable as diagnostic biomarkers. The gut microbiome plays a major role in IBD, yet studies need to go from casualty to causality. Longitudinal designs including newly diagnosed treatment-naïve patients are needed to provide insights into the role of microbes in the onset of intestinal inflammation. A better understanding of the human gut microbiome could provide innovative targets for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and even cure of this relevant disease.
PubMed: 33946482
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050977 -
Journal of Conservative Dentistry : JCD 2019The role of microorganism and their products in the initiation, propagation, and persistence of periradicular periodontitis has been established. One of the major goals... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The role of microorganism and their products in the initiation, propagation, and persistence of periradicular periodontitis has been established. One of the major goals of the treatment of infected root canals of teeth with apical periodontitis is to promote maximal reduction in the intracanal bacterial populations. Engine-driven nickel-titanium instruments possess the latest generation of root canal instruments. The possible benefit of rotary instrumentation over other instrumentation techniques regarding cleaning and disinfecting effects would be irrigant warming and/or turbulence caused by the mechanical rotation of instruments. Furthermore, reciprocating instrument has been introduced for root canal preparation. It has been shown that instruments subjected to reciprocation have increased resistance to fatigue and longer usual life when combined with instruments used in continuous rotation motion. The reciprocating system uses single-file instrumentation technique which can shape and clean the canal in a shorter period and together with the lesser amount of antimicrobial agent.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study is to compare and evaluate the microbial reduction of rotary and reciprocating systems on microbial reduction.
SEARCH STRATEGY
A search was performed in Electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Cochrane library, Science direct, Lilac, Sigle) using following search terms alone and in combination by means of PubMed search builder from January 1985 to December 2017.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Studies were selected if they met the following criteria: studies comparing rotary and reciprocating system in asymptomatic apical periodontitis patients.
MAIN RESULTS
The results showed that the reciprocating system exerted an almost similar antibacterial effect when compared with the rotary system.
CONCLUSION
The present systematic review does not provide concrete evidence to show increased antibacterial efficacy of reciprocating system as compared to the rotary system. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to evaluate the efficacy of various instrumentation systems in reducing bacteria from the root canal system.
PubMed: 31142978
DOI: 10.4103/JCD.JCD_523_18 -
The Journal of Evidence-based Dental... Sep 2022This systematic review aimed to investigate the risk predictors of caries in primary teeth and evaluate their association with the increment of Early Childhood Caries... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This systematic review aimed to investigate the risk predictors of caries in primary teeth and evaluate their association with the increment of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among preschool children. This systematic review included only cohort or case-control studies of at least 2 years duration, over 300 participants and with English full-text. Potentially eligible studies were retrieved from 4 electronic databases (Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE; PubMed, Web of Science) from inception to March 1, 2021. Independent screening and data extraction by 2 reviewers to identify factors associated with ECC increment, including family and socioeconomic factors, dietary and oral health-related habits, and clinical parameters. A total of 18 studies from 163 potential reports were included, involving 1,159,226 preschool children. Lower parental education attainment was found associated with ECC increment (WMD:0.87; 95% CI 0.52, 1.21); whereas immigration status (WMD:-0.38; 95% CI -1.09, 0.34), gender (WMD:-0.02; 95% CI -0.28, 0.24), and dental service utilization (WMD:0.35; 95% CI -0.10, 0.79) were not significant factors for ECC increment. All included studies consistently suggested positive correlations between ECC increment and baseline caries experience, plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, and prenatal and passive smoking, while mixed findings were detected between ECC increment with dietary and oral hygiene practices. Preschool children whose parents have low education level are more likely to have greater increment of ECC over 2 years. Existing caries lesions, increased dental plaque level, cariogenic microorganisms, prenatal or passive smoking were also consistently identified as risk factors for ECC in all reviewed studies. This systematic review highlights specific risk factors to target for the prevention of ECC and supports implementing more oral health promotion for preschool children with parents of lower educational attainment.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Female; Humans; Oral Health; Oral Hygiene; Pregnancy; Risk Factors; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
PubMed: 36162891
DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2022.101732 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2012Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include... (Review)
Review
Probiotics are live microorganisms that provide health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts. The strains most frequently used as probiotics include lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Probiotics have demonstrated significant potential as therapeutic options for a variety of diseases, but the mechanisms responsible for these effects have not been fully elucidated yet. Several important mechanisms underlying the antagonistic effects of probiotics on various microorganisms include the following: modification of the gut microbiota, competitive adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, strengthening of the gut epithelial barrier and modulation of the immune system to convey an advantage to the host. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that probiotics communicate with the host by pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein-like receptors, which modulate key signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-ĸB and mitogen-activated protein kinase, to enhance or suppress activation and influence downstream pathways. This recognition is crucial for eliciting measured antimicrobial responses with minimal inflammatory tissue damage. A clear understanding of these mechanisms will allow for appropriate probiotic strain selection for specific applications and may uncover novel probiotic functions. The goal of this systematic review was to explore probiotic modes of action focusing on how gut microbes influence the host.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Bacterial Adhesion; Bifidobacterium; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Immune System; Intestinal Mucosa; Lactobacillaceae; Metagenome; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Models, Animal; NF-kappa B; Probiotics; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 23037511
DOI: 10.1159/000342079