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Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2020Probiotics are live microorganisms (usually bacteria), which are defined by their ability to confer health benefits to the host, if administered adequately. Probiotics...
Probiotics are live microorganisms (usually bacteria), which are defined by their ability to confer health benefits to the host, if administered adequately. Probiotics are not only used as health supplements but have also been applied in various attempts to prevent and treat gastrointestinal (GI) and non-gastrointestinal diseases such as diarrhea, colon cancer, obesity, diabetes, and inflammation. One of the challenges in the use of probiotics is putative loss of viability by the time of administration. It can be due to procedures that the probiotic products go through during fabrication, storage, or administration. Biocompatible and biodegradable polymers with specific moieties or pH/enzyme sensitivity have shown great potential as carriers of the bacteria for 1) better viability, 2) longer storage times, 3) preservation from the aggressive environment in the stomach and 4) topographically targeted delivery of probiotics. In this review, we focus on polymeric carriers and the procedures applied for encapsulation of the probiotics into them. At the end, some novel methods for specific probiotic delivery, possibilities to improve the targeted delivery of probiotics and some challenges are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Drug Carriers; Drug Compounding; Drug Liberation; Drug Stability; Drug Storage; Enzymes; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Oxidation-Reduction; Particle Size; Polymers; Probiotics; Technology, Pharmaceutical; Temperature
PubMed: 32702378
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.014 -
BioMed Research International 2014Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper aims to examine whether biomarkers of oxidative stress and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This paper aims to examine whether biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidants could be useful biomarkers in AD, which might form the bases of future clinical studies.
METHODS
PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science were systematically queried to obtain studies with available data regarding markers of oxidative stress and antioxidants from subjects with AD.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Although most studies show elevated serum markers of lipid peroxidation in AD, there is no sufficient evidence to justify the routine use of biomarkers as predictors of severity or outcome in AD.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Animals; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; PubMed
PubMed: 24949424
DOI: 10.1155/2014/182303 -
Journal of the European Academy of... Jul 2018The pathogenesis of vitiligo remains a topic of extensive debate. This is partly due to the moderate efficacy of current treatments. The role of the oxidative stress... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis of vitiligo remains a topic of extensive debate. This is partly due to the moderate efficacy of current treatments. The role of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo is a popular although controversial research topic.
OBJECTIVE
To clarify the role of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo compared to other inflammatory skin disorders and to assess the therapeutic role of antioxidants.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of the existing literature on the aberrancies of the oxidative stress pathway in vitiligo. Subsequently, the efficacy of both topical and oral antioxidants in clinical trials was investigated.
RESULTS
A deregulated oxidative pathway is clearly evident with elevated superoxide dismutase, decreased catalase and increased lipid peroxidation. However, similar results have been obtained in other inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, lichen planus and urticaria. This questions the unique role of oxidative stress in the development of vitiligo. Some isolated successes have been reported with oral ginkgo biloba, polypodium leucotomos and vitamin C and E preparations, while other clinical trials have failed to show reproducible results. The use of topical antioxidants delivers in general no beneficial results.
CONCLUSION
The oxidative pathway is affected in vitiligo, but its unique initiating or contributory role in the pathogenesis is less evident. Interesting data support the added value of oral antioxidants in vitiligo although confirmatory studies are missing.
Topics: Antioxidants; Catalase; Glutathione Peroxidase; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Lipid Peroxidation; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species; Superoxide Dismutase; Vitiligo
PubMed: 29341310
DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14792 -
British Medical Bulletin 2015Mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous disorders for which no curative therapy is currently available. Several drugs are currently being pursued as... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of heterogeneous disorders for which no curative therapy is currently available. Several drugs are currently being pursued as candidates to correct the underlying biochemistry that causes mitochondrial dysfunction.
SOURCES OF DATA
A systematic review of pharmacological therapeutics tested using in vitro, in vivo models and clinical trials. Results presented from database searches undertaken to ascertain compounds currently being pioneered to treat mitochondrial disease.
AREAS OF AGREEMENT
Previous clinical research has been hindered by poorly designed trials that have shown some evidence in enhancing mitochondrial function but without significant results.
AREAS OF CONTROVERSY
Several compounds under investigation display poor pharmacokinetic profiles or numerous off target effects.
GROWING POINTS
Drug development teams should continue to screen existing and novel compound libraries for therapeutics that can enhance mitochondrial function. Therapies for mitochondrial disorders could hold potential cures for a myriad of other ailments associated with mitochondrial dysfunction such as neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Electron Transport; Homeostasis; Humans; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Diseases; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Organelle Biogenesis; Organelles; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 26590387
DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldv046 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Feb 2021Human serum paraoxonase (PON) is an enzyme that is synthesized by the liver and enters the bloodstream, and it is transmitted by high-density lipoproteins (HDL)....
BACKGROUND
Human serum paraoxonase (PON) is an enzyme that is synthesized by the liver and enters the bloodstream, and it is transmitted by high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a hydrolytic enzyme with a wide range of substrates and the ability to protect against lipid oxidation. In this study, due to the activity of PON1 in the brain and its antioxidant effects on the reduction of neurological disorders in the central nervous system, the role of PON1 and its polymorphisms related to multiple sclerosis has been examined to enhance treatment methods.
METHODS
This article is a systematic review. In this study, the role of PON1 and its polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been investigated. Articles published in Persian and international databases of SID, Google Scholar, ISI (WoS), Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, IranDoc, Science Direct, and Iran Medix were examined, using the search keywords of Paraoxonase 1, polymorphism, multiple sclerosis, and PON1.
RESULTS
PON1 is undoubtedly a potential factor in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and it plays an important role in protecting antioxidants in the blood. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are factors in the pathogenesis of MS. Both inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress have a detrimental effect on PON1. However, reducing the activity of PON1 may help to restore the pathogenesis of the disease.
CONCLUSION
Decreased PON1 activity and PON1 polymorphism are associated with several neurological diseases, including ischemic stroke, white matter lesions (WMLs), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), dementia, and Parkinson's disease. PON1-55M alleles in Italians and PON1-192Q alleles in Poles were associated with a high risk of MS. Moreover, PON1-55 and PON1-192 polymorphisms were not associated with MS onset age, nor its evolutionary type.
Topics: Alleles; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Genotype; Humans; Iran; Multiple Sclerosis; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 33095366
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04842-3 -
Water Research Aug 2024Percarbonate encompasses sodium percarbonate (SPC) and composite in-situ generated peroxymonocarbonate (PMC). SPC emerges as a promising alternative to hydrogen peroxide... (Review)
Review
Percarbonate encompasses sodium percarbonate (SPC) and composite in-situ generated peroxymonocarbonate (PMC). SPC emerges as a promising alternative to hydrogen peroxide (HO), hailed for its superior transportation safety, stability, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness, thereby becoming a staple in advanced oxidation processes for mitigating water pollution. Yet, scholarly literature scarcely explores the deployment of percarbonate-AOPs in eradicating organic contaminants from aquatic systems. Consequently, this review endeavors to demystify the formation mechanisms and challenges associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in percarbonate-AOPs, alongside highlighting directions for future inquiry and development. The genesis of ROS encompasses the in situ chemical oxidation of activated SPC (including iron-based activation, discharge plasma, ozone activation, photon activation, and metal-free materials activation) and composite in situ chemical oxidation via PMC (namely, HONaHCO/NaCO, peroxymonosulfate/NaHCO/NaCO systems). Moreover, the ROS generated by percarbonate-AOPs, such as •OH, O, CO, HO, O, and HCO, can work individually or synergistically to disintegrate target pollutants. Concurrently, this review systematically addresses conceivable obstacles posing percarbonate-AOPs in real-world application from the angle of environmental conditions (pH, temperature, coexisting substances), and potential ecological toxicity. Considering the outlined challenges and advantages, we posit future research directions to amplify the applicability and efficacy of percarbonate-AOPs in tangible settings. It is anticipated that the insights provided in this review will catalyze the progression of percarbonate-AOPs in water purification endeavors and bridge the existing knowledge void.
Topics: Oxidation-Reduction; Carbonates; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification; Hydrogen Peroxide; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 38820735
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121842 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2023Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the antibiotics in the penicillin category that is used in various fields. Considering the harmful effects of its remains, it is necessary to... (Review)
Review
Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the antibiotics in the penicillin category that is used in various fields. Considering the harmful effects of its remains, it is necessary to survey the ways to remove this compound. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs), specially photo-Fenton has been used for the removal of AMX. This study has been conducted based on PubMed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, Web of Science, and Scopus databases during the years 2008-2019. Some factors such as the aquatic solution, light source characteristics, iron, and HO concentration, AMX degradation percentage, removal of total organic carbon percentage, and AMX concentration have been surveyed to optimize the process. Studies showed that the photo-Fenton process is highly dependent on pH, and in most studies, the highest efficiency has been observed in acidic pH values. Using a more energy light source can be effective in reducing the use of catalysts and oxidizers. The combined methods of AOPs such as photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and photo-electro-Fenton have higher efficiency in increasing mineralization than the photon process. The use of synthetic wastewater has a higher efficiency in the degradation of AMX than in real wastewater in the photo-Fenton process, which can be due to the absence of the interfering agents in synthetic environments.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Wastewater; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35436046
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0155 -
Leveraging new opportunities and advances in high-pressure homogenization to design non-dairy foods.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science... Jan 2024High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrahigh-pressure homogenization (UHPH) are emerging food processing techniques for stabilizing emulsions and food components...
High-pressure homogenization (HPH) and ultrahigh-pressure homogenization (UHPH) are emerging food processing techniques for stabilizing emulsions and food components under the pressure range from 60 to 400 MPa. Apart from this, they also support increasing nutritional profile, food preservation, and functionality enhancement. Even though the food undergoes the shortest processing operation, the treatment leads to modification of physical, chemical, and techno-functional properties, in addition to the formation of micro-sized particles. This study focuses on recent advances in using HPH/UHPH on plant-based milk sources such as soybeans, almonds, hazelnuts, and peanuts. Overall, this systematic review provides an in-depth analysis of the principles of HPH/UHPH, the mechanism of action, and their applications in other nondairy areas such as fruits and vegetables, meat, fish, and marine species. This work also deciphers the role of HPH/UHPH in modifying food components, their functional quality enhancement, and their provision of oxidative resistance to many foods. HPH is not only perceived as a technique for size reduction and homogenization; however, it does various functions like microbial inactivation, improvement of rheologies like texture and consistency, decreasing of lipid oxidation, and making positive modifications to proteins such as changes to the secondary structure and tertiary structure thereby enhancing the emulsifying properties, hydrophobicity of proteins, and other associated functional properties in many nondairy sources at pressures of 100-300 MPa. Thus, HPH is an emerging technique with a high throughput and commercialization value in food industries.
Topics: Food Handling; Food Preservation; Microbial Viability; Pressure
PubMed: 38284573
DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13282 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Oct 2006L-cysteine is thought to be a conditionally essential (i.e., essential under certain conditions) amino acid for neonates. It is a precursor of glutathione, an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
L-cysteine is thought to be a conditionally essential (i.e., essential under certain conditions) amino acid for neonates. It is a precursor of glutathione, an antioxidant that may reduce oxidation injury. The addition of cysteine to parenteral nutrition (PN) allows for the reduction of the amount of methionine in PN, thereby limiting hepatotoxicity, and acidifies the solution, thereby increasing calcium and phosphate solubility, and potentially improving bone mineralization.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of supplementing parenteral nutrition with cysteine, cystine or its precursor N-acetylcysteine on neonatal growth and short and long-term outcomes.
SEARCH STRATEGY
The standard search method of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group was used. MEDLINE (1966-December 2005), EMBASE (1974-December 2005), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006) and recent abstracts (until December 2005) from the Society for Pediatric Research/American Pediatric Society, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, and Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition were searched.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomized (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials that examined the effects of cysteine, cystine or N-acetylcysteine supplementation of neonatal PN were reviewed. Predetermined outcome variables included growth, nitrogen retention, mortality, morbidity secondary to oxidation injury, bone accretion, acidosis, liver disease, and cysteine levels.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group were used. Statistical analysis included relative risk, risk difference, and weighted mean difference (WMD).
MAIN RESULTS
Six trials fulfilled entry criteria. The majority of patients in these trials were preterm. Five small trials evaluated short-term cysteine supplementation of cysteine-free PN. One large multicenter RCT evaluated short-term N-acetylcysteine supplementation of cysteine-containing PN in extremely low birth weight infants (< or = 1000 grams).
PRIMARY OUTCOMES
Growth was not significantly affected by cysteine supplementation (evaluated in one quasi-randomized trial) or by N-acetylcysteine supplementation (evaluated in one RCT). Nitrogen retention was significantly increased by cysteine supplementation (studied in four trials) (WMD 31.8 mg/kg/day, 95% confidence interval +8.2, +55.4, n = 95, including 73 preterm infants).
SECONDARY OUTCOMES
Plasma levels of cysteine were significantly increased by cysteine supplementation but not by N-acetylcysteine supplementation. N-acetylcysteine supplementation did not significantly affect the risks of death by 36 postmenstrual weeks, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), death or BPD, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), severe ROP, necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), or severe IVH. No data were available on other outcomes.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Available evidence from RCTs shows that routine short-term cysteine chloride supplementation of cysteine-free PN in preterm infants improves nitrogen balance.However, there is insufficient evidence to assess the risks of cysteine supplementation, especially regarding metabolic acidosis, which has been reported during the first two weeks of cysteine chloride administration. Available evidence from a large RCT trial does not support routine N-acetylcysteine supplementation of cysteine-containing PN in extremely low birth weight infants. A large RCT would be required to assess whether routine prolonged cysteine supplementation of cysteine-free PN affects growth and short and long-term neonatal outcomes in very low birth weight infants.
Topics: Acetylcysteine; Cysteine; Cystine; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Parenteral Nutrition; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 17054219
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004869.pub2 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2014Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress, which may result... (Review)
Review
Chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases are characterized by an enhanced state of oxidative stress, which may result from the overproduction of reactive species and/or a decrease in antioxidant defenses. The search for new chemical entities with antioxidant profile is still thus an emerging field on ongoing interest. Due to the lack of reviews concerning the antioxidant activity of lichen-derived natural compounds, we performed a review of the antioxidant potential and mechanisms of action of natural compounds isolated from lichens. The search terms "lichens", "antioxidants" and "antioxidant response elements" were used to retrieve articles in LILACS, PubMed and Web of Science published until February 2014. From a total of 319 articles surveyed, 32 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was observed that the most common isolated compound studied was usnic acid, cited in 14 out of the 32 articles. The most often described antioxidant assays for the study of in vitro antioxidant activity were mainly DPPH, LPO and SOD. The most suggested mechanisms of action were scavenging of reactive species, enzymatic activation and inhibition of iNOS. Thus, compounds isolated from lichens are possible candidates for the management of oxidative stress, and may be useful in the treatment of chronic diseases.
Topics: Antioxidant Response Elements; Antioxidants; Benzofurans; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Lichens; Neoplasms; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Picrates
PubMed: 25221871
DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914496