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Developmental Psychobiology Mar 2023Oxytocin (OT) plays a pivotal role in early parent-child relationship formation and bonding that is critical for the social, cognitive, and emotional development of the... (Review)
Review
Oxytocin (OT) plays a pivotal role in early parent-child relationship formation and bonding that is critical for the social, cognitive, and emotional development of the child. Therefore, this systematic review aims to consolidate all available evidence regarding the associations of parental OT concentration levels with parenting behavior and bonding within the past 20 years. A systematic search was conducted in five databases from 2002 to May 2022, and 33 studies were finalized and included. Due to the heterogeneity of the data, findings were presented narratively based on the type of OT and parenting outcomes. Current evidence strongly suggests that parental OT levels are positively related to parental touch and parental gaze and affect synchrony and observer-coded parent-infant bonding. No gender difference in OT levels was observed between fathers and mothers, but OT strengthens affectionate parenting in mothers and stimulatory parenting in fathers. Child OT levels were also positively associated with parental OT levels. Family and healthcare providers could encourage more positive touch and interactive play between parent and child to strengthen parent-child relationships.
Topics: Infant; Female; Humans; Parenting; Oxytocin; Parent-Child Relations; Parents; Mothers
PubMed: 36811366
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22359 -
The British Journal of Dermatology Jul 2015Several observational studies have assessed the correlation between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus with variable results. The objective of this... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Several observational studies have assessed the correlation between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus with variable results. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether there is a correlation between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus. Studies assessing the relationship between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus from January 2008 to August 2014 were pooled from Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews and Google Scholar. From each study we collected the first author's last name, publication year, country of origin, type of study design, characteristics of participants, possible variables incorporated into the multivariable analyses and the risk ratio (RR) for Merkel cell carcinoma associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus combined with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). Methodological assessment of the study was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Crude RR was calculated from the data provided in each article. Meta-analyses for the global RR and for the proportion of positives in both case and control samples were performed. In addition, in order to explore the sources of heterogeneity among the studies, meta-regression and sensitivity analyses are also provided. A total of 22 studies were identified for the analysis. The pooled RR from random-effects analysis was determined to be 6.32 (95% CI, 4.02-9.93). Global proportions of positive samples were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.84) and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.08-0.19) in the case and control groups, respectively. The findings support the association between Merkel cell carcinoma and Merkel cell polyomavirus. However, a non-negligible percentage of positive results have been identified in controls. Some caution must be taken in the interpretation of these results because heterogeneity between studies was found.
Topics: Carcinoma, Merkel Cell; Humans; Merkel cell polyomavirus; Polyomavirus Infections; Skin Neoplasms; Tumor Virus Infections
PubMed: 25919492
DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13870 -
JMIR Perioperative Medicine Jun 2022Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and isometric exercise training (IET) interventions are relatively new approaches to maintain physical functioning, alleviate pain,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and isometric exercise training (IET) interventions are relatively new approaches to maintain physical functioning, alleviate pain, prevent joint stiffness and muscular atrophy, and positively influence other postoperative care outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to identify the impacts of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and IET and, more specifically, their combination, which have not previously been assessed to our knowledge.
METHODS
Studies were identified by searching the PubMed and Cochrane databases within the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) algorithm format and using relevant keyword combinations, which resulted in 39 studies meeting the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
In general, MBI was shown to positively impact both pain relief and physical functioning, while IET positively impacted physical functioning. Numerous other benefits, including improved quality of life and decreased postoperative opioid use, were also described from both interventions; however, further research is needed to confirm these findings as well as to determine other possible benefits. No studies were found that combined MBI and IET.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite many positive results from each individual intervention, there is a lack of information about how the combination of MBI and IET might impact postoperative care. The combination of these two interventions might prove to be more effective than each individual intervention alone, and the findings from this review show that they could even be complementary. Going forward, research should be expanded to study the possible benefits of the combination of MBI and IET in postoperative care routines as well as other possible combinations.
PubMed: 35687415
DOI: 10.2196/34651 -
AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology Apr 2023The reported sensitivity and yield of image-guided biopsies for diskitis-osteomyelitis vary widely. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The reported sensitivity and yield of image-guided biopsies for diskitis-osteomyelitis vary widely. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of pooled sensitivity data to elucidate strategies for optimal image-guided biopsies among patients suspected to have diskitis-osteomyelitis. A comprehensive literature search was performed for studies of patient populations with proven or suspected diskitis-osteomyelitis that included percutaneous image-guided biopsy as part of the workup algorithm. Type of pathogens, imaging modality used for biopsy guidance, tissue targeted, antibiotic administration at the time of biopsy, true microbiology positives, true microbiology negatives, false microbiology positives, false microbiology negatives, disease (i.e., diskitis-osteomyelitis) positives as determined by reference standard, true infection positives (i.e., positive microbiology or pathology results), and total number of biopsies performed were extracted from the studies. Microbiology sensitivity, microbiology biopsy yield, and infection sensitivity were calculated from the pooled data. These terms and the data required to calculate them were also defined in detail. Thirty-six articles satisfied inclusion criteria and were used for analysis. The pooled microbiology sensitivity, infection sensitivity, and microbiology biopsy yields were 46.6%, 70.0%, and 26.7%, respectively. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-only microbiology sensitivity was significantly higher than both pyogenic bacteria and mixed-organism microbiology sensitivity ( < .001). was the most common causative organism (28.6%). Pooled microbiology sensitivity was not significantly different for CT guidance and fluoroscopy guidance ( = .16). There was a statistically significant difference between pooled microbiology sensitivity of bone/end plate (45.5%) and disk/paravertebral soft-tissue (64.8%) image-guided biopsies ( < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in pooled microbiology sensitivities for patients who received antibiotics before the procedure (46.2%) and those who did not (44.6%) ( = .70). Image guidance by CT or fluoroscopy does not affect microbiology yield, disk and paravertebral soft-tissue biopsies should be considered over bone and end plate biopsies, and preprocedural antibiotic administration does not appear to impact biopsy results. Understanding and correctly applying reported statistics contribute to appropriate interpretation of the abundant literature on this topic and optimization of care for patients with diskitis-osteomyelitis.
Topics: Humans; Discitis; Image-Guided Biopsy; Biopsy; Osteomyelitis; Bone and Bones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36222488
DOI: 10.2214/AJR.22.28423 -
New Microbes and New Infections Jul 2022Recurrent positivity in a patient with COVID-19 may be due to various reasons, not necessarily reinfection. There is concern about the occurrence frequency of... (Review)
Review
Recurrent positivity in a patient with COVID-19 may be due to various reasons, not necessarily reinfection. There is concern about the occurrence frequency of reinfection. Five databases and a preprint/preprint repository were searched. All case reports, case series, and observational studies were included. Bias was assessed for each study with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale tool and reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA-2020). After eligibility, 77 studies were included for qualitative synthesis (52 case reports, 21 case series, and four case-controls; 1131 patients included). Of these, 16 studies described a second contact with the SARS-CoV-2 positive case, five studies described healthcare profession-related infection, ten studies described that the source of reinfection was likely to be from the community, one study described travel-related infection, nine studies described vulnerability-related infection due to comorbidity. The mean number of days from discharge or negative test to reinfection ranged from 23.3 to 57.6 days across the different included studies. The risk of bias for all case report/series studies was moderate/high. For observational studies, the risk of bias was low. Reinfection of patients with COVID-19 occurs between the first and second month after the first infection, but beyond, and 90 days have been proposed as a point to begin to consider it. The main factor for reinfection is contact with COVID-19 positive cases.
PubMed: 36060548
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101021 -
International Orthopaedics Dec 2016Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could potentially play an important role in the management of fractures as they have been shown to affect fracture healing... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could potentially play an important role in the management of fractures as they have been shown to affect fracture healing and the post-operative risk of implant sepsis.
METHODS
A systematic review of the relevant literature was performed on PubMed and Scopus databases. Twenty-six studies were identified, critiqued and analysed accordingly. No randomised controlled trials were identified.
RESULTS
HIV positivity was not shown to influence an individual's risk of early wound infection in operatively managed closed fractures. The rate of pin track infection in open injuries managed with external fixators was low. However, in open injuries managed with internal fixation, early wound infection rates were increased in the HIV-positive population compared to HIV-negative individuals. Regarding late implant infection, in closed fractures there appeared to be no increased risk of infection but there is limited evidence for open injuries. Additionally, further evidence is needed to establish if the rate of union in both open and closed fractures are influenced by HIV status.
CONCLUSION
Overall, no evidence was found to suggest that surgical management of fractures in the HIV population should be avoided, and fixation of closed fractures in the HIV population appeared to be safe. The effect of anti-retroviral therapy is unclear and this should be further researched. However, based on the limited evidence, caution should be taken in the management of open fractures due to the potentially increased infection risk. The impact of anti-retroviral therapy on the outcomes of surgery needs further evaluation.
Topics: Fracture Fixation; Fracture Healing; Fractures, Bone; HIV Infections; Humans; Prosthesis-Related Infections; Surgical Wound Infection
PubMed: 27655034
DOI: 10.1007/s00264-016-3285-1 -
Aging & Mental Health Jul 2016Little is known about how and to what extent people with dementia live positively with their condition. This study aimed to review and carry out a synthesis of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Little is known about how and to what extent people with dementia live positively with their condition. This study aimed to review and carry out a synthesis of qualitative studies where accounts of the subjective experiences of people with dementia contained evidence of positive states, experiences or attributes.
METHODS
A meta-synthesis was undertaken to generate an integrated and interpretive account of the ability of people with dementia to have positive experiences. A methodological quality assessment was undertaken to maximize the reliability and validity of this synthesis and to contextualize the findings with regard to methodological constraints and epistemological concepts.
FINDINGS
Twenty-seven papers were included. Three super-ordinate themes relating to positive experiences and attributes were identified, each with varying and complementing sub-themes. The first super-ordinate theme related to the experience of engaging with life in ageing rather than explicitly to living with dementia. The second theme related to engaging with dementia itself and comprised the strengths that people can utilize in facing and fighting the condition. The third theme captured how people with dementia might transcend the condition and seek ways to maintain identity and even achieve personal growth.
CONCLUSIONS
This review provides a first step towards understanding what conceptual domains might be important in defining positive outcomes for people who live with dementia. Highlighting the potential for people to have positive experiences in spite of or even because of their dementia has important implications for de-stigmatizing dementia and will enhance person-centred approaches to care.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Adaptation, Psychological; Aging; Dementia; Humans; Quality of Life; Social Support
PubMed: 26078084
DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2015.1052777 -
Nature Dec 2015HIV testing and counselling is the first crucial step for linkage to HIV treatment and prevention. However, despite high HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa, testing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
HIV testing and counselling is the first crucial step for linkage to HIV treatment and prevention. However, despite high HIV burden in sub-Saharan Africa, testing coverage is low, particularly among young adults and men. Community-based HIV testing and counselling (testing outside of health facilities) has the potential to reduce coverage gaps, but the relative impact of different modalities is not well assessed. We conducted a systematic review of HIV testing modalities, characterizing community (home, mobile, index, key populations, campaign, workplace and self-testing) and facility approaches by population reached, HIV positivity, CD4 count at diagnosis and linkage. Of 2,520 abstracts screened, 126 met eligibility criteria. Community HIV testing and counselling had high coverage and uptake and identified HIV-positive people at higher CD4 counts than facility testing. Mobile HIV testing reached the highest proportion of men of all modalities examined (50%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 47-54%) and home with self-testing reached the highest proportion of young adults (66%, 95% CI = 65-67%). Few studies evaluated HIV testing for key populations (commercial sex workers and men who have sex with men), but these interventions yielded high HIV positivity (38%, 95% CI = 19-62%) combined with the highest proportion of first-time testers (78%, 95% CI = 63-88%), indicating service gaps. Community testing with facilitated linkage (for example, counsellor follow-up to support linkage) achieved high linkage to care (95%, 95% CI = 87-98%) and antiretroviral initiation (75%, 95% CI = 68-82%). Expanding home and mobile testing, self-testing and outreach to key populations with facilitated linkage can increase the proportion of men, young adults and high-risk individuals linked to HIV treatment and prevention, and decrease HIV burden.
Topics: Africa South of the Sahara; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; HIV Infections; Health Services Needs and Demand; Humans; Sex Distribution; Viral Load
PubMed: 26633769
DOI: 10.1038/nature16044 -
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2023Current guidelines strongly recommend the use of validated classifications to support optical diagnosis of lesions with advanced endoscopic imaging in the lower... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Current guidelines strongly recommend the use of validated classifications to support optical diagnosis of lesions with advanced endoscopic imaging in the lower gastrointestinal tract. However, the optimal strategy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is still a matter of debate.
OBJECTIVES
To analyze the accuracy of endoscopic classifications or single predictors for lesion characterization during endoscopic surveillance of IBD with advanced endoscopic imaging.
DESIGN
Systematic review.
DATA SOURCES AND METHODS
Medline and PubMed were used to extract all studies which focused on lesion characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions in IBD. The diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic classifications and single endoscopic predictors for lesion characterization were analyzed according to type of patients, lesions, and technology used. When available, the rates of true and false positives or negatives for neoplasia were pooled and the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.
RESULTS
We included 35 studies (2789 patients; 5925 lesions - 1149 neoplastic). Advanced endoscopic imaging included dye-based chromoendoscopy, virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE), magnification and high-definition endoscopy, confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), endocytoscopy, and autofluorescence imaging. The Kudo classification of pit patterns was most frequently used, with pooled SE 83%, SP 83%, and NPV 95%. The endoscopic criteria with the highest accuracy, with minimum SE ⩾ 90%, SP ⩾ 80%, and NPV ⩾ 90% were: the Kudo-IBD classification used with VCE (Fuji Intelligent Color Enhancement and i-SCAN); combined irregular surface and vascular patterns used with narrow band imaging; the Mainz classification used with CLE. Multiple clinical and technical factors were found to influence the accuracy of optical diagnosis in IBD.
CONCLUSION
No single endoscopic factor has yet shown sufficient accuracy for lesion characterization in IBD surveillance. Conventional classifications developed in the non-IBD setting have lower accuracy in IBD. The use of new classifications adapted for IBD (Kudo-IBD), and new technologies based on microscopic analysis show promise.
PubMed: 37954537
DOI: 10.1177/17562848231208667 -
Transfusion Medicine Reviews Jul 2021Septic reactions from platelet transfusions are one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality. The FDA guidance for platelet bacterial risk control... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Septic reactions from platelet transfusions are one of the leading causes of transfusion-associated mortality. The FDA guidance for platelet bacterial risk control includes bacterial culture using both aerobic and anaerobic bottles. Several studies have reported false positive rates (FPR) of culture, but these data have not been summarized or influencing factors analyzed. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to published guidelines to assess the false positive rate and influencing factors. Eighteen studies were included for analysis. The combined aerobic/anaerobic FPR was 2.4 events per thousand (EPT) with a prediction interval of 0.5 to 5.7, while the aerobic FPR rate was 1.0 EPT (prediction interval: 0.2-2.2) and the anaerobic rate was 1.8 EPT. Estimates were based on a total of almost 5 million units tested. The rate of false positives due to instrument error was between 0.5-1.7 EPT, while it was between 0.3-1.0 EPT for sampling contamination based on whether only aerobic, anaerobic, or aerobic/anaerobic cultures were performed. The FPR is approximately 2 to 5 times higher than the literature reported true positive rate of 0.5 EPT.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Bacteria; Blood Platelets; Humans; Platelet Transfusion; Quality Control
PubMed: 34158212
DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2021.05.001