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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2008Abomasal diseases are common in cattle. Many of these diseases can be managed surgically. This article briefly discusses the various classifications of abomasal... (Review)
Review
Abomasal diseases are common in cattle. Many of these diseases can be managed surgically. This article briefly discusses the various classifications of abomasal diseases. It focuses on the surgical treatment of these diseases. Surgical principles of conventional surgery and minimally invasive techniques are discussed.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Stomach Diseases; Stomach Ulcer; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 18471575
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.02.012 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2018Displaced abomasum (DA) is a postpartum disease that causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. Abomasal atony and excessive production of gas have been... (Review)
Review
Displaced abomasum (DA) is a postpartum disease that causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. Abomasal atony and excessive production of gas have been reported as prerequisites for the development of DA. The exact cause of DA is unknown, yet infectious and metabolic disease, diet composition and physical form, cow comfort, and management of dairy cows during the transition period have been associated with the occurrence of this disorder. This review article discusses different factors that lead to the development of DA and strategies for monitoring DA and its comorbidities at the herd level.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Female; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 29203192
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.10.002 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2016This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is... (Review)
Review
This article describes the ultrasonographic findings of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum, and liver of calves from birth to 100 days of age. Reticular motility is used to exemplify how the forestomach function in calves progresses and gradually approaches that of adult cattle. The ultrasonographic examination of the esophageal groove reflex and the investigation of factors affecting esophageal groove closure are described. The ultrasonographic findings of the forestomachs and abomasum of calves with ruminal drinker syndrome are discussed. The article concludes with the description of the ultrasonographic examination of the liver.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cattle; Liver; Omasum; Reticulum; Stomach, Ruminant; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 26922113
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2015.09.011 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 1990Intensive management of cattle has resulted in an increased incidence of abomasal disorders. Many of these disorders require surgical intervention for the best outcome.... (Review)
Review
Intensive management of cattle has resulted in an increased incidence of abomasal disorders. Many of these disorders require surgical intervention for the best outcome. This article reviews the anatomy and physiology of the abomasum, abomasal disorders that may be treated by surgery, and the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical approaches to those disorders.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 2200574
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0720(15)30868-9 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2008To reduce the potential drawbacks associated with laparotomy techniques for correction and fixation of left displaced abomasums (LDA), minimally invasive techniques have... (Review)
Review
To reduce the potential drawbacks associated with laparotomy techniques for correction and fixation of left displaced abomasums (LDA), minimally invasive techniques have been developed. This chapter reviews the toggle pin suture (TPS) and the laparoscopic abomasopexy procedures used in the field for correction and fixation of the abomasum for correction of left-displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. The importance of case selection cannot be overestimated. By combining laparoscopy with the principle of the TPS procedure, the lack of visual control associated with the TPS procedure is eliminated, while the advantage of the speed of completion and minimal invasiveness provided by both procedures are maintained. Successful LDA treatment includes not only early detection and treatment of the LDA, but also the prevention of secondary ketosis and aggressive treatment of concurrent disease.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Female; Laparoscopy; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Patient Selection; Postoperative Complications; Stomach Diseases; Suture Techniques; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 18471576
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2008.02.014 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2021A 10-y-old giraffe () bull developed colic after a 3-mo history of reduced feed consumption. Physical examination and management were performed with 2 standing...
A 10-y-old giraffe () bull developed colic after a 3-mo history of reduced feed consumption. Physical examination and management were performed with 2 standing sedations. The giraffe developed metabolic alkalosis and progressive pre-renal azotemia followed by compensatory respiratory acidosis and paradoxical aciduria. A metallic "ping" sound was auscultated on the left side near ribs 10-12. The giraffe was euthanized given the grave prognosis, and postmortem examination confirmed left displacement of the abomasum (LDA) with fluid sequestration (150-190 L [40-50 gal]) within the rumen. Dental disease was evident at postmortem examination and perimortem skull computed tomography. To ensure cases of LDA are not overlooked, the position of the abomasum must be noted during postmortem examination prior to removal of the gastrointestinal tract. The risk factors for the development of LDA in giraffes are not known, and associations such as those of dairy cattle (hypocalcemia, high-concentrate low-fiber diet, and indoor housing) remain to be elucidated.
Topics: Abomasum; Acidosis, Respiratory; Animals; Azotemia; Giraffes; Male; Rumen
PubMed: 34166129
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211027845 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Dec 2022Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and...
BACKGROUND
Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of these types of abomasal displacements has not been undertaken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare these conditions in a large population of cows. The medical records of 1982 dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 1341), right displaced absomasum (RDA, n = 338) and abomasal volvulus (AV, n = 303) were searched for the results of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic evaluations.
RESULTS
The main clinical findings were an abnormal demeanour in 48.2% of the cows, reduced rumen motility in 89.7% and decreased intestinal motility in 61.1%. Ballottement and simultaneous auscultation and percussion and simultaneous auscultation were positive on the left side in 96.9% of the cows with LDA and on the right in 98.5% of the cows with RDA and in 99.3% of the cows with AV. Ultrasonography was useful for diagnosing LDA in 97.9% of the cows and RDA/AV in 90.2% of the cows. The laboratory findings characteristic of abomasal reflux syndrome varied in severity; 83% of the cows had hypokalaemia, 67% had increased rumen chloride concentration, 67% had an increased base excess and 50% had haemoconcentration. Based on the clinical signs, a definitive diagnosis was made in 75.0% of the cows with LDA and in 22.5% of the cows with RDA/AV. Ultrasonography was required for a definitive diagnosis in another 22.0% of the cows with LDA and in 53.0% of the cows with RDA/AV. Laparotomy or postmortem examination was required for reliable differentiation of RDA and AV.
CONCLUSIONS
LDA, RDA and AV differ with respect to the severity and the frequency of several abnormal clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings as well as the methods required for a diagnosis.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Pregnancy; Intestinal Volvulus; Abomasum; Stomach Diseases; Rumen; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36539887
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00656-9 -
Cell Transplantation Feb 2018The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are regarded as pacemakers and are involved in neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals. However, limited...
The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are regarded as pacemakers and are involved in neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of animals. However, limited information is available about the existence of ICCs within the GIT of ruminants. In this study, we investigated the ultrastructural characteristics and distribution of ICCs in goat abomasum using transmission electron microscopy and c-kit immunohistochemistry. Two different kinds of c-kit immunoreactive cells were observed in the abomasum. The first was identified as ICCs, which appeared to be multipolar or bipolar in shape, with some processes. These c-kit immunoreactive cells were deposited in the submucosal layer, myenteric plexus between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers, and within the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the abomasum. The second type of cell was round in shape and was identified as mast cells, which were located in the submucosal layer as well as in the lamina propria. Ultrastructurally, ICCs were also observed as stellate or spindle-shaped cells, which were consistent in shape with our c-kit immunoreactive cells. In the cytoplasm of ICCs, numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and caveolae were detected. ICCs were located in the myenteric plexus between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers (ICC-MY), with the longitudinal and circular muscle layer was replaced as "intramuscular layers" (ICC-IM), and in the submucosal layer (ICC-SM). In addition, we found ICCs surrounding nerve fibers and smooth muscle cells, where they formed heterocellular junctions in the form of close membrane associations or gap junctions and homocellular junctions among the processes of the ICCs. In the current study, we provide the first complete characterization of ICCs within the goat abomasum and propose that ICCs might have a key role in producing contractions in the ruminant stomach for proper absorption of nutrients.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Female; Goats; Immunohistochemistry; Interstitial Cells of Cajal; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Myenteric Plexus
PubMed: 28933185
DOI: 10.1177/0963689717722561 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Jul 2016Little is known about the occurrence rate, underlying etiology or treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in beef calves.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the occurrence rate, underlying etiology or treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in beef calves.
OBJECTIVE
Describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of left displacement of the abomasum in 4 beef calves.
ANIMALS
Four client-owned beef breed calves with left displaced abomasum (LDA).
METHODS
Retrospective case series. Hospital medical records were reviewed to identify all beef breed cattle under the age of 6 months diagnosed with LDA.
RESULTS
Four beef calves were treated for left displacement of the abomasum. All four had a history of decreased appetite and left-sided abdominal distention. Two had recently been treated for necrotic laryngitis and one was being treated for clostridial abomasitis. Ultrasonography confirmed the abomasum to be displaced between the rumen and the left body wall in all calves. The calves were initially treated by rolling to correct the abomasal displacement. The abomasum redisplaced in 3 of 4 calves within 1 hour to 6 days; 1 calf developed a mesenteric volvulus. A right paramedian abomasopexy was performed in all cases. Three of 4 calves grew well and remained in the herd 6-18 months later; 1 calf was euthanized because of complications associated with necrotic laryngitis.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Left displacement of the abomasum should be considered as a differential diagnosis for beef calves with abdominal distention. Concurrent necrotic laryngitis can increase the risk of abomasal displacement in beef calves. Treatment should include surgical correction as rolling is not curative and might be associated with mesenteric volvulus.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 27248852
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14353 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2016Abomasal diseases are common in cattle. Many of these diseases can be managed surgically. This article briefly discusses the various surgical diseases affecting the... (Review)
Review
Abomasal diseases are common in cattle. Many of these diseases can be managed surgically. This article briefly discusses the various surgical diseases affecting the abomasum. The pathogenesis, surgical procedures, and prognosis are reviewed. Abomasal displacements in cattle are a focus, because surgical correction of these conditions represents the bulk of abomasal surgeries in ruminants. Surgical principles of conventional surgery as well as minimally invasive techniques for correction of abomasal displacements are discussed. The surgical management of other abomasal diseases such as intraluminal abomasal obstructions and abomasal ulcers are also reviewed.
Topics: Abomasum; Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Female; Prognosis; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 27614775
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2016.05.006