-
Mycoses Nov 2020The genera Acremonium and Sarocladium comprise a high diversity of morphologically and genetically related fungi generally found in the environment, although a few... (Review)
Review
The genera Acremonium and Sarocladium comprise a high diversity of morphologically and genetically related fungi generally found in the environment, although a few species, mainly Sarocladium kiliense and Acremonium egyptiacum, can also be involved in many human infections. Clinical management of opportunistic infections caused by these fungi is very complex, since their correct identification is unreliable, and they generally show poor antifungal response. More than 300 clinical cases involving a broad range of Acremonium/Sarocladium infections have so far been published, and with this review we aim to compile and provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge on Acremonium/Sarocladium human infections in terms of presentation, diagnosis, treatments and prognoses. We also aim to summarise and discuss the data currently available on their antifungal susceptibility, emphasising the promising results obtained with voriconazole as well as their impact in terms of animal infections.
Topics: Acremonium; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Arthritis; Blood; Central Nervous System Infections; Dermatomycoses; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Endocarditis; Eye Infections; Humans; Hypocreales; Invasive Fungal Infections; Mycetoma; Mycoses; Onychomycosis; Opportunistic Infections; Osteomyelitis; Peritonitis; Respiratory Tract Infections; Voriconazole
PubMed: 33090564
DOI: 10.1111/myc.13169 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Oct 2022Cephalosporins are currently the most widely used antibiotics in clinical practice. The main strain used for the industrial production cephalosporin C (CPC) is... (Review)
Review
Cephalosporins are currently the most widely used antibiotics in clinical practice. The main strain used for the industrial production cephalosporin C (CPC) is Acremonium chrysogenum. CPC has the advantages of possessing a broad antibacterial spectrum and strong antibacterial activity. However, the yield and titer of cephalosporins obtained from A. chrysogenum are much lower than penicillin, which is also a β-lactam antibiotic produced by Penicillium chrysogenum. Molecular biology research into A. chrysogenum has focused on gene editing technologies, multi-omics research which has provided information on the differences between high- and low-yield strains, and metabolic engineering involving different functional genetic modifications and hierarchical network regulation to understand strain characteristics. Furthermore, optimization of the fermentation process is also reviewed as it provides the optimal environment to realize the full potential of strains. Combining rational design to control the metabolic network, high-throughput screening to improve the efficiency of obtaining high-performance strains, and real-time detection and controlling in the fermentation process will become the focus of future research in A. chrysogenum. This minireview provides a holistic and in-depth analysis of high-yield mechanisms and improves our understanding of the industrial value of A. chrysogenum. KEY POINTS: • Review of the advances in A. chrysogenum characteristics improvement and process optimization • Elucidate the molecular bases of the mechanisms that control cephalosporin C biosynthesis and gene expression in A. chrysogenum • The future development trend of A. chrysogenum to meet industrial needs.
Topics: Acremonium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalosporins; Fermentation; Penicillins
PubMed: 36114850
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12181-w -
Journal of Animal Science Mar 1995Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams, an endophytic fungus commonly found in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), has been identified as the cause of poor... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones and Gams, an endophytic fungus commonly found in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), has been identified as the cause of poor performance of beef cattle and horses on tall fescue. Ryegrass staggers, a neurological disorder of sheep, has been linked to the presence of a similar fungus, A. lolii Latch, Christensen and Samuels, in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Renovation of endophyte-infected (E+) pastures with endophyte-free (E-) cultivars of tall fescue or perennial ryegrass has resulted in improved animal performance, but productivity and stand persistence of the grasses have been reduced. Stand loss of E- tall fescue has been attributed to a number of stresses, including insect attack, disease, root predation by nematodes, and drought stress. The Acremonium endophyte has been observed to stimulate the tall fescue plant's production of chitinase, an enzyme associated with disease resistance. Nematode resistance, which can also be enhanced in E+ plants, has been attributed, in part, to thickening of the root endodermal layer. Drought stress has been identified as the most common cause of E- tall fescue stand loss in the eastern United States. Endophyte-infected tall fescue plants exhibit several adaptive morphological and physiological responses to drought stress compared with E- plants. Drought-induced leaf rolling, leaf senescence, stomatal closure, and osmotic adjustment are more prevalent in E+ than in E- plants and may be mediated through endophyte enhancement of the production of phytohormones such as abscisic acid. Endophyte-infected tall fescue plants have been shown to be more productive and competitive than E- plants through improvement of germination, tillering, and biomass production per tiller.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Topics: Acremonium; Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Horses; Lolium; Plant Poisoning; Poaceae; Sheep
PubMed: 7608023
DOI: 10.2527/1995.733881x -
Mycopathologia Dec 2013Changes in the spectrum of clinically important fungal infection have been observed in recent years. Acremonium species has been responsible for eumycotic mycetomas but... (Review)
Review
Changes in the spectrum of clinically important fungal infection have been observed in recent years. Acremonium species has been responsible for eumycotic mycetomas but has also been increasingly implicated in systemic fungal diseases. A case of Acremonium kiliense fungemia with proven involvement of the lungs in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell patient is reported. A high-resolution computed tomography scan of the lungs showed nodules in both lungs. Multiple cultures of blood demonstrated narrow septate hyphae, cylindrical conidia, and solitary tapering phialides and microconidia that remained grouped in slimy heads. The isolate was identified as A. kiliense based on its morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis. Susceptibility testing of the clinical isolate was performed to four antifungal agents. Amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole were found to be inactive in vitro against the isolate; however, it was found to be sensitive to voriconazole. This last drug was indicated, and a high-resolution computed tomography scan of the lungs was normal after 10 days. One year later, the patient was free of symptoms and her blood culture was negative for fungi. Thus, voriconazole was effective in treatment for life-threatening A. kiliense infections. In this work, we performed an overview of worldwide clinical infections caused by A. kiliense.
Topics: Acremonium; Adult; Antifungal Agents; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Female; Fungemia; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Lung; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Microbiological Techniques; Microscopy; RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S; Radiography, Thoracic; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Transplantation; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 24002104
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-013-9700-x -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Jun 2018
Review
Topics: Acremonium; Adult; Antifungal Agents; Corneal Ulcer; Eye Infections, Fungal; Female; Humans; Keratitis
PubMed: 29929826
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2017.11.025 -
Mycopathologia Dec 2010Unusual fungal agents that exist environmentally as saprophytes can often lead to opportunistic infections. Hyalohyphomycosis is a group of fungal infections caused by... (Review)
Review
Unusual fungal agents that exist environmentally as saprophytes can often lead to opportunistic infections. Hyalohyphomycosis is a group of fungal infections caused by fungi characterized by hyaline septate hyphae and can infect both immunocompetent as well as immunocompromised patients. Many a times it becomes difficult to distinguish a pathogenic and a contaminant fungus, because many such agents can assume clinical significance depending on circumstances. Subcutaneous and invasive fungal infection due to the emerging hyalohyphomycotic fungus, Acremonium, has drawn the attention of clinicians and microbiologists, as a potential pathogen in patients with and without underlying risk factors. Generally considered to be minimally invasive in the past, genus Acremonium has been responsible for eumycotic mycetomas and focal infections in otherwise healthy individuals. It has also been increasingly implicated in systemic fungal diseases. The management with different antifungals in various clinical situations has been very conflicting and hence needs to be carefully evaluated. This overview is an endeavor to consolidate the available clinical infections due to Acremonium and the recommendations on treatment.
Topics: Acremonium; Antifungal Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections
PubMed: 20577905
DOI: 10.1007/s11046-010-9334-1 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Mar 2006We describe an invasive Acremonium strictum infection in a 9-year-old debilitated bone marrow transplant recipient. Outcome was successful, despite resistance to the... (Review)
Review
We describe an invasive Acremonium strictum infection in a 9-year-old debilitated bone marrow transplant recipient. Outcome was successful, despite resistance to the amphotericin B that was initially administered. A. strictum was isolated from bone and urine cultures. We summarize data on 15 opportunistic invasive infections caused by Acremonium in pediatric hosts reported thus far in the English language literature.
Topics: Acremonium; Antifungal Agents; Bone Marrow Transplantation; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Mycoses; Opportunistic Infections; Osteomyelitis; Pyrimidines; Tibia; Triazoles; Urine; Voriconazole
PubMed: 16511397
DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000202107.73095.ad -
Advances in Biochemical... 2004A review is given on the morphology of Acremonium chrysogenum and the biosynthesis of cephalosporin C based on the published references. Investigations are presented on... (Review)
Review
A review is given on the morphology of Acremonium chrysogenum and the biosynthesis of cephalosporin C based on the published references. Investigations are presented on the comparison of cultivation media carried out by means of shake flask cultures. The process performance of a standard cultivation in well controlled bioreactor is presented and compared with other cultivations, which were executed with the same strain and bioreactor, but with various carbon-, nitrogen- and sulphur-sources keeping the concentrations of the key components at definite levels. Also the influence of dilution and enrichment of the medium on the process performance is explored. Mathematical models for the growth of Acremonium chrysogenum and production of cephalosporin C are reviewed and their application for control of industrial processes with complex cultivation media are discussed.
Topics: Acremonium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bioreactors; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Division; Cephalosporins; Models, Biological
PubMed: 15088762
DOI: 10.1007/b12439 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology May 1996Disseminated Acremonium strictum infection in a neutropenic patient is reported. Positive fecal cultures preceded positive cutaneous and blood cultures by 18 and 21... (Review)
Review
Disseminated Acremonium strictum infection in a neutropenic patient is reported. Positive fecal cultures preceded positive cutaneous and blood cultures by 18 and 21 days, respectively, which suggests gastrointestinal colonization and invasion as initiating events. Microscopic examination of cutaneous biopsy and pulmonary specimens revealed hyphae, phialides, and phialoconidia in vivo. These adventitious forms also can occur in infections due to other phialidic fungi such as Fusarium and Paecilomyces species and can be misdiagnosed as Candida species. Budding cells also can occur in vivo for species of Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and apparently Acremonium, further adding to the potential for misdiagnosis. The occurrence of adventitious forms in infections caused by species of Acremonium, Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Scedosporium, and Blastoschizomyces is suggested as a mechanism for dissemination of infection and as an explanation of the relatively higher frequency of positive blood cultures in these cases.
Topics: Acremonium; Fatal Outcome; Feces; Fungemia; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Male; Middle Aged; Mycoses; Neutropenia; Opportunistic Infections; Skin; Time Factors
PubMed: 8727935
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.5.1333-1336.1996 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Oct 2023Sesquiterpene synthases convert farnesyl diphosphate into various sesquiterpenes, which find wide applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries....
Sesquiterpene synthases convert farnesyl diphosphate into various sesquiterpenes, which find wide applications in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Although numerous putative sesquiterpene synthases have been identified in fungal genomes, many lack biochemical characterization. In this study, we identified a putative terpene synthase AcTPS3 from Acremonium chrysogenum. Through sequence analysis and in vitro enzyme assay, AcTPS3 was identified as a sesquiterpene synthase. To obtain sufficient product for NMR testing, a metabolic engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed to overproduce the product of AcTPS3. The major product of AcTPS3 was identified as (+)-cubenene (55.46%) by GC-MS and NMR. Thus, AcTPS3 was confirmed as (+)-cubenene synthase, which is the first report of (+)-cubenene synthase. The optimized S. cerevisiae strain achieved a biosynthesis titer of 597.3 mg/L, the highest reported for (+)-cubenene synthesis.
Topics: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sesquiterpenes; Acremonium; Genome, Fungal; Alkyl and Aryl Transferases
PubMed: 37573766
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.08.018