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Biological Chemistry Sep 2017Aeromonas sobria serine protease (ASP) is secreted from Aeromonas sobria, a pathogen causing gastroenteritis and sepsis. ASP resembles Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kex2, a... (Review)
Review
Aeromonas sobria serine protease (ASP) is secreted from Aeromonas sobria, a pathogen causing gastroenteritis and sepsis. ASP resembles Saccharomyces cerevisiae Kex2, a member of the subtilisin family, and preferentially cleaves peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of paired basic amino acid residues; also accepting unpaired arginine at the P1 site. Unlike Kex2, however, ASP lacks an intramolecular chaperone N-terminal propeptide, instead utilizes the external chaperone ORF2 for proper folding, therefore, ASP and its homologues constitute a new subfamily in the subtilisin family. Through activation of the kallikrein/kinin system, ASP induces vascular leakage, and presumably causes edema and septic shock. ASP accelerates plasma clotting by α-thrombin generation from prothrombin, whereas it impairs plasma clottability by fibrinogen degradation, together bringing about blood coagulation disorder that occurs in disseminated intravascular coagulation, a major complication of sepsis. From complement C5 ASP liberates C5a that induces neutrophil recruitment and superoxide release, and mast cell degranulation, which are associated with pus formation, tissue injury and diarrhea, respectively. Nicked two-chain ASP also secreted from A. sobria is more resistant to inactivation by α2-macroglobulin than single-chain ASP, thereby raising virulence activities. Thus, ASP is a potent virulence factor and may participate in the pathogenesis of A. sobria infection.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Humans; Subtilisin; Virulence
PubMed: 28432839
DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0344 -
BMC Nephrology May 2019Peritonitis is a common cause of catheter removal and mortality in the patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Various pathogenic organisms have been identified as... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Peritonitis is a common cause of catheter removal and mortality in the patient undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Various pathogenic organisms have been identified as the etiology of PD-related peritonitis, among which Aeromonas sobria is a rare one. Several studies have indicated that Aeromonas sobria might be of particular clinical significance because of its enterotoxin production. We here present a case of peritonitis due to Aeromonas sobria in a PD patient and review of the related literature.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 37-year-old man with chronic renal failure who was secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis had been on PD for approximately 6 months without any episode of peritonitis. In July 2015, he was admitted to the hospital for fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and cloudy dialysate several hours after eating stinky tofu. The peritoneal effluent culture yielded Aeromonas sobria. The patient was given intraperitoneal amikacin and intravenous levofloxacin for 10 days. And the patient's symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain were relieved and the cloudy effluent turned to be clear. Unfortunately, peritoneal dialysis catheter was blocked because of fibrin clot formation in the setting of inflammation, and finally it was removed.
CONCLUSIONS
Aeromonas species are rare causes of PD-related peritonitis, however they should not be ignored. Clinicians should be aware of monitoring the hygiene protocol and retraining patients at regular intervals, especially for such rare cases.
Topics: Adult; Aeromonas; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritonitis
PubMed: 31109291
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-019-1361-7 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021, a common conditional pathogenic bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and causes gastroenteritis in humans or septicemia in fish. Of all species, is the...
, a common conditional pathogenic bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and causes gastroenteritis in humans or septicemia in fish. Of all species, is the most frequently isolated from human infections especially in immunocompromised subjects. Innate immunity is the first protection system of organism to resist non-specific pathogens invasion; however, the immune response process of hosts against infection re\mains unexplored. The present study established an infection model using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMφs). The adherence and cytotoxicity of on PMφs were determined by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining and LDH release measurement. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels were measured using qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA methods. We also investigated the levels of ASC oligomerization and determined the roles of active caspase-1 in IL-1β secretion through inhibition assays and explored the activated pattern recognition receptors through immunofluorescence. We further elucidated the roles of activated inflammasome in regulating the host's inflammatory response through inhibition combined with ELISA assays. Our results showed that induced lytic cell death and LDH release, whereas it had no adhesive properties on PMφs. triggered various proinflammatory cytokine transcription level upregulation, and IL-1β occupied the highest levels. The pro-IL-1β protein expression levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with MOI ranging from 1 to 100. This process was regulated by ASC-dependent inflammasome, which cleavage pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β p17 with activated caspase-1 p20. Meanwhile, the expression levels of NLRP3 receptor significantly increased, location analysis revealed puncta-like surrounding nuclear, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome downregulated caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Blocking of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through K efflux and cathepsin B or caspase approaches downregulated -induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, these data indicated that induced proinflammatory cytokine production in PMφs through activating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Caspase 1; Cytokines; Inflammasomes; Interleukin-1beta; Macrophages, Peritoneal; Mice; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein
PubMed: 34513725
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691445 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology Jul 2021Aeromonas species can cause gastroenteritis, soft tissue infections, hepatobiliary tract and other infections. While most reported soft tissue infections have been...
Aeromonas species can cause gastroenteritis, soft tissue infections, hepatobiliary tract and other infections. While most reported soft tissue infections have been attributed to Aeromonas hydrophila, we report a case of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria. Prompt and accurate diagnosis cum treatment could help save children with Aeromonas soft tissue infections from developing a bacteremia with extended morbidity and mortality.
Topics: Aeromonas; Child; Cholangitis, Sclerosing; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 33810916
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.03.012 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastes causes the accumulation of high heavy metal concentrations in soil and water, leading to many health issues. In the...
The uncontrolled discharge of industrial wastes causes the accumulation of high heavy metal concentrations in soil and water, leading to many health issues. In the present study, a Gram-negative Aeromonas sobria was isolated from heavily contaminated soil in the Tanjaro area, southwest of Sulaymaniyah city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; then, we assessed its ability to uptake heavy metals. A. sobria was molecularly identified based on the partial amplification of 16S rRNA using novel primers. The sequence was aligned with 33 strains to analyze phylogenetic relationships by maximum likelihood. Based on maximum tolerance concentration (MTC), A. sobria could withstand Zn, Cu, and Ni at concentrations of 5, 6, and 8 mM, respectively. ICP-OES data confirmed that A. sobria reduced 54.89% (0.549 mM) of the Cu, 62.33% (0.623 mM) of the Ni, and 36.41% (0.364 mM) of the Zn after 72 h in the culture medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that A. sobria accumulated both Cu and Ni, whereas biosorption was suggested for the Zn. These findings suggest that metal-resistant A. sobria could be a promising candidate for heavy metal bioremediation in polluted areas. However, more broadly, research is required to assess the feasibility of exploiting A. sobria in situ.
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Iraq; Metals, Heavy
PubMed: 36481784
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25781-3 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, opportunistically leads to severe extraintestinal diseases...
is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, opportunistically leads to severe extraintestinal diseases including sepsis, peritonitis, and meningitis. If that infects the intestinal tract causes such an extraintestinal infection, the pathogen must pass through the intestinal epithelial barrier. In our earlier study using intestinal cultured cells (T84 cells), we observed that an strain with higher serine protease (ASP) production caused a marked level of bacterial translocation across the T84 intestinal epithelial monolayer. Herein, we investigated the effect of ASP on tight junctions (TJs) in T84 cells. We observed that ASP acts on TJs and causes the destruction of ZO-1, ZO-2, ZO-3, and claudin-7 (i.e., some of the protein components constituting TJs), especially in the strains with high ASP productivity. Based on the present results together with those of our earlier study, we propose that ASP may cause a disruption of the barrier function of the intestinal epithelium as a whole due to the destruction of TJs (in addition to the destruction of adherens junctions) and that ASP may assist invasion of the pathogens from the intestinal epithelium into deep sites in the human body.
Topics: Aeromonas; Bacterial Translocation; Cell Line; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Serine Proteases; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 35273923
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824547 -
Journal of Zhejiang University....Aeromonas sobria, a Gram-negative bacterium that can colonize both humans and animals, is found in a variety of environments, including water, seafood, meat, and...
Aeromonas sobria, a Gram-negative bacterium that can colonize both humans and animals, is found in a variety of environments, including water, seafood, meat, and vegetables (Cahill, 1990; Galindo et al., 2004; Song et al., 2019). Aeromonas spp. are conditionally pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture, which can rapidly proliferate, causing disease and even death in fish, especially when the environment is degraded (Neamat-Allah et al., 2020, 2021a, 2021b). In developing countries, Aeromonas spp. have been associated with a wide spectrum of infections in humans, including gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia, and lung infections (San Joaquin and Pickett, 1988; Wang et al., 2009; Su et al., 2013). Infections caused by Aeromonas spp. are usually more severe in immunocompromised individuals (Miyamoto et al., 2017). The presence of a plasmid encoding a β-lactamase in A. sobria that confers resistance to β-lactam antibiotics poses a huge challenge to the treatment of diseases caused by this microorganism (Lim and Hong, 2020). Consequently, an in-depth understanding of the interaction between A. sobria and its hosts is urgently required to enable the development of effective strategies for the treatment of A. sobria infections.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Cytokines; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Host Microbial Interactions; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Macrophages; Mice; NF-kappa B; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34514758
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2100456 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Sep 2014Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria is a rare cause of bacteremia, with several studies indicating that this isolate may be of particular clinical significance since it is... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Aeromonas veronii biovar sobria is a rare cause of bacteremia, with several studies indicating that this isolate may be of particular clinical significance since it is enterotoxin producing. A wide spectrum of infections has been associated with Aeromonas species in developing countries that include gastroenteritis, wound infections, septicemia and lung infections. This infection, caused by Aeromonas species, is usually more severe in immunocompromised than immunocompetent individuals. We here describe a case of soft tissue infection and severe sepsis due to Aeromonas sobria in an immunocompromised patient.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 74-year-old Caucasian man with a clinical history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immune thrombocytopenia, periodically treated with steroids, was admitted to our Intensive Care Unit because of necrotizing fasciitis and multiorgan failure due to Aeromonas sobria, which resulted in his death. The unfortunate coexistence of a Candida albicans infection played a key role in the clinical course.
CONCLUSION
Our experience suggests that early recognition and aggressive medical and surgical therapy are determinants in the treatment of severe septicemia caused by an Aeromonas sobria in an immunocompromised patient.
Topics: Aeromonas; Aged; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Fatal Outcome; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Leg; Male; Multiple Organ Failure; Radiography; Sepsis; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 25245365
DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-315 -
Australian and New Zealand Journal of... Nov 1997Aeromonas sobria causes a rare Gram-negative bacterial water-borne infection. It has been found in waters of North Queensland and South-east Asia. Of all Aeromonas...
BACKGROUND
Aeromonas sobria causes a rare Gram-negative bacterial water-borne infection. It has been found in waters of North Queensland and South-east Asia. Of all Aeromonas species, A. sobria is the most virulent and invasive and has been reported to cause soft tissue infection and corneal ulcer.
METHODS
A 14-year-old Caucasian male from North Queensland presented following a penetrating eye injury in which a water bird (cormorant species) had pecked his eye while he was fishing. A fulminant endophthalmitis developed despite treatment with intravenous, intravitreal and topical antibiotics and initial wound repair. Enucleation was performed.
RESULTS
Aeromonas sobria was isolated from the vitreous aspirate.
CONCLUSION
Aeromonas sobria infection should be suspected in water-contaminated penetrating eye injuries. The prognosis in this case was poor.
Topics: Adolescent; Aeromonas; Animals; Anterior Chamber; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Birds; Cataract; Cornea; Corneal Injuries; Drug Administration Routes; Drug Therapy, Combination; Endophthalmitis; Eye Enucleation; Eye Infections, Bacterial; Eye Injuries, Penetrating; Follow-Up Studies; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Iris; Male; Vitreous Body
PubMed: 9395834
DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.1997.tb01519.x -
PloS One 2019Aeromonas sobria is a pathogen causing food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, A. sobria can leave the intestinal tract, and this...
Aeromonas sobria is a pathogen causing food-borne illness. In immunocompromised patients and the elderly, A. sobria can leave the intestinal tract, and this opportunistically leads to severe extraintestinal diseases including sepsis, peritonitis, and meningitis. To cause such extraintestinal diseases, A. sobria must pass through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The mechanism of such bacterial translocation has not been established. Herein we used intestinal (T84) cultured cells to investigate the effect of A. sobria serine protease (ASP) on junctional complexes that maintain the intercellular adhesion of the intestinal epithelium. When several A. sobria strains were inoculated into T84 monolayer grown on Transwell inserts, the strain with higher ASP production largely decreased the value of transepithelial electrical resistance exhibited by the T84 monolayer and markedly caused bacterial translocation from the apical surface into the basolateral side of T84 monolayer. Further experiments revealed that ASP acts on adherens junctions (AJs) and causes the destruction of both nectin-2 and afadin, which are protein components constituting AJs. Other studies have not revealed the bacterial pathogenic factors that cause the destruction of both nectin-2 and afadin, and our present results thus provide the first report that the bacterial extracellular protease ASP affects these molecules. We speculate that the destruction of nectin-2 and afadin by the action of ASP increases the ability of A. sobria to pass through intestinal epithelial tissue and contributes to the severity of pathological conditions.
Topics: Aeromonas; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Translocation; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Kinesins; Myosins; Nectins; Serine Proteases
PubMed: 31419250
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221344