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The Journal of School Nursing : the... Aug 2013The relationship between breakfast consumption and academic success has been extensively studied over the past 30 years. Despite the wide availability of school... (Review)
Review
The relationship between breakfast consumption and academic success has been extensively studied over the past 30 years. Despite the wide availability of school breakfast programs and the preponderance of evidence that breakfast consumption has positive effects on a student's ability to learn and function in the school setting, many students do not eat breakfast. A survey of students at a large Midwestern high school identified the main barriers to breakfast consumption as not having enough time in the morning to eat and not feeling hungry before school. A program that included extending breakfast cafeteria hours and providing a mobile cart that served a complete school breakfast during students' morning study hall classes was implemented. By the end of the school year, average daily school breakfast participation increased by more than 400%. In a student survey conducted 6 months after implementation of the program, more than a quarter of the students reported purchasing food from the cart.
Topics: Achievement; Adolescent; Breakfast; Evidence-Based Medicine; Feeding Behavior; Food Services; Health Promotion; Humans; Midwestern United States; Program Evaluation; Schools; Students
PubMed: 23420788
DOI: 10.1177/1059840513476094 -
Appetite Apr 2020The purpose of experiment one was to determine the appetite, acylated ghrelin and energy intake response to breakfast consumption and omission in hypoxia and normoxia.... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
The purpose of experiment one was to determine the appetite, acylated ghrelin and energy intake response to breakfast consumption and omission in hypoxia and normoxia. Experiment two aimed to determine the appetite, acylated ghrelin and energy intake response to carbohydrate supplementation after both breakfast consumption and omission in hypoxia.
METHODS
In experiment one, twelve participants rested and exercised once after breakfast consumption and once after omission in normobaric hypoxia (4300 m: FO ~11.7%) and normoxia. In experiment two, eleven participants rested and exercised in normobaric hypoxia (4300 m: FO ~11.7%), twice after consuming a high carbohydrate breakfast and twice after breakfast omission. Participants consumed both a carbohydrate (1.2g·min glucose) and a placebo beverage after breakfast consumption and omission. Measures of appetite perceptions and acylated ghrelin were taken at regular intervals throughout both experiments and an ad-libitum meal was provided post-exercise to quantify energy intake.
RESULTS
Breakfast consumption had no significant effect on post exercise energy intake or acylated ghrelin concentrations, despite reductions in appetite perceptions. As such, breakfast consumption increased total trial energy intake compared with breakfast omission in hypoxia (7136 ± 2047 kJ vs. 5412 ± 1652 kJ; p = 0.02) and normoxia (9276 ± 3058 vs. 6654 ± 2091 kJ; p < 0.01). Carbohydrate supplementation had no effect on appetite perceptions or acylated ghrelin concentrations after breakfast consumption or omission. As such, carbohydrate supplementation increased total energy intake after breakfast consumption (10222 ± 2831 kJ vs. 7695 ± 1970 kJ p < 0.01) and omission (8058 ± 2574 kJ vs. 6174 ± 2222 kJ p = 0.02).
CONCLUSION
Both breakfast consumption and carbohydrate supplementation provide beneficial dietary interventions for increasing energy intake in hypoxic conditions.
Topics: Acylation; Appetite; Breakfast; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Energy Intake; Exercise; Ghrelin; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Hypoxia; Male; Single-Blind Method; Young Adult
PubMed: 31870935
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104564 -
European Journal of Anaesthesiology Jun 2019
Topics: Breakfast; Child; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Prospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 31045700
DOI: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000994 -
American Journal of Health Promotion :... Jul 2020To compare the effects of a nutritionally balanced breakfast on cognitive function in college students with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
PURPOSE
To compare the effects of a nutritionally balanced breakfast on cognitive function in college students with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
DESIGN
Pre-post dietary intervention.
SETTING
University.
SAMPLE
College students aged 18 to 25 years with (n = 19) and without (n = 27) ADHD.
INTERVENTION
Participants completed computerized cognitive assessment after an overnight fast and again 1 hour after consuming a nutritionally balanced breakfast shake.
MEASURE
CNS Vital Signs computerized cognitive testing.
ANALYSIS
Chi-square tests were used to compare categorical variables, and nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum and signed rank tests were used to compare continuous data between and within groups (respectively). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the likelihood of ADHD based on cognitive improvement from breakfast consumption, after adjusting for age, sex, GPA, and year in school.
RESULTS
A significant proportion of those with and without ADHD (47% and 33%, respectively) reported not typically eating breakfast at baseline. One hour after consuming a balanced breakfast shake, both groups demonstrated improvements in 4 cognitive function domains. Those with ADHD were more likely to improve in reaction time than those without ADHD (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.07 [1.00-1.15], = .04).
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this pilot study suggest that college students with and without ADHD may benefit cognitively from a balanced breakfast. More research is needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Breakfast; Cognition; Humans; Pilot Projects; Students; Universities; Young Adult
PubMed: 32013526
DOI: 10.1177/0890117120903235 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2018The aim of this study was to characterize postprandial glucose flux after exercise in the fed versus overnight fasted state and to investigate the potential underlying... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The aim of this study was to characterize postprandial glucose flux after exercise in the fed versus overnight fasted state and to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms. In a randomized order, twelve men underwent breakfast-rest [(BR) 3 h semirecumbent], breakfast-exercise [(BE) 2 h semirecumbent before 60 min of cycling (50% peak power output)], and overnight fasted exercise [(FE) as per BE omitting breakfast] trials. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was completed after exercise (after rest on BR). Dual stable isotope tracers ([U-C] glucose ingestion and [6,6-H] glucose infusion) and muscle biopsies were combined to assess postprandial plasma glucose kinetics and intramuscular signaling, respectively. Plasma intestinal fatty acid binding (I-FABP) concentrations were determined as a marker of intestinal damage. Breakfast before exercise increased postexercise plasma glucose disposal rates during the OGTT, from 44 g/120 min in FE {35 to 53 g/120 min [mean (normalized 95% confidence interval)] to 73 g/120 min in BE [55 to 90 g/120 min; P = 0.01]}. This higher plasma glucose disposal rate was, however, offset by increased plasma glucose appearance rates (principally OGTT-derived), resulting in a glycemic response that did not differ between BE and FE ( P = 0.11). Plasma I-FABP concentrations during exercise were 264 pg/ml (196 to 332 pg/ml) lower in BE versus FE ( P = 0.01). Breakfast before exercise increases postexercise postprandial plasma glucose disposal, which is offset (primarily) by increased appearance rates of orally ingested glucose. Therefore, metabolic responses to fed-state exercise cannot be readily inferred from studies conducted in a fasted state.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Energy Metabolism; Exercise; Fasting; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Male; Postprandial Period; Young Adult
PubMed: 30106621
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00163.2018 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Jul 2019Bin Naharudin, MN, Yusof, A, Shaw, H, Stockton, M, Clayton, DJ, and James, LJ. Breakfast omission reduces subsequent resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Bin Naharudin, MN, Yusof, A, Shaw, H, Stockton, M, Clayton, DJ, and James, LJ. Breakfast omission reduces subsequent resistance exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 33(7): 1766-1772, 2019-Although much research has examined the influence of morning carbohydrate intake (i.e., breakfast) on endurance performance, little is known about its effects on performance in resistance-type exercise. Sixteen resistance-trained men (age 23 ± 4 years, body mass 77.56 ± 7.13 kg, and height 1.75 ± 0.04 m) who regularly (≥3 day/wk) consumed breakfast completed this study. After assessment of 10 repetition maximum (10RM) and familiarization process, subjects completed 2 randomized trials. After an overnight fast, subjects consumed either a typical breakfast meal (containing 1.5 g of carbohydrate/kg; breakfast consumption [BC]) or a water-only breakfast (breakfast omission [BO]). Two hours later, subjects performed 4 sets to failure of back squat and bench press at 90% of their 10RM. Sensations of hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were collected before, as well as immediately, 1 hour and 2 hours after BC/BO using 100-mm visual analogue scales. Total repetitions completed were lower during BO for both back squat (BO: 58 ± 11 repetitions; BC: 68 ± 14 repetitions; effect size [ES] = 0.98; p < 0.001) and bench press (BO: 38 ± 5 repetitions; BC: 40 ± 5 repetitions; ES = 1.06; p < 0.001). Fullness was greater, whereas hunger, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption were lower after a meal for BC compared with BO (p < 0.001). The results of this study demonstrate that omission of a pre-exercise breakfast might impair resistance exercise performance in habitual breakfast consumers. Therefore, consumption of a high-carbohydrate meal before resistance exercise might be a prudent strategy to help maximize performance.
Topics: Adult; Athletic Performance; Breakfast; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Humans; Hunger; Male; Prospective Studies; Resistance Training; Young Adult
PubMed: 30707135
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003054 -
Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of... Feb 2020The optimal timing between meal ingestion and simple physical activity for improving blood glucose control is unknown. This study compared the effects of physical... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The optimal timing between meal ingestion and simple physical activity for improving blood glucose control is unknown. This study compared the effects of physical activity on postprandial interstitial glucose responses when the activity was conducted either immediately before, immediately after, or 30 min after breakfast. Forty-eight adults were randomized to three separate physical activity interventions: standing still (for 30 min), walking (for 30 min), and bodyweight exercises (3 sets of 10 squats, 10 push-ups, 10 lunges, 10 sit-ups). In each intervention, 16 participants completed four trials (A to D) during which a 500 kcal mixed nutrient liquid breakfast meal was consumed. Interstitial glucose responses were recorded using continuous glucose monitoring for 2 h after the meal. The activity was completed either after the glucose monitoring period (trial A; control) or immediately before (trial B), immediately after (trial C), or 30 min after (trial D) the breakfast. Mean, coefficient of variance (CV), and area under the curve (AUC) for glucose were calculated and compared between the four trials. Walking and bodyweight exercises immediately after the meal improved mean, CV, and AUC glucose (P ≤ 0.05 vs. control), while standing immediately after the meal only improved AUC glucose (P ≤ 0.05 vs. control) and nearly improved mean glucose (P = 0.06). Mean, CV, and AUC glucose were not affected by standing, walking, or bodyweight exercise conducted immediately before, or 30 min after the meal (all P > 0.05 vs. control). Energy intake (diet records) and energy expenditure (Actigraph) were consistent throughout the studies and did not influence the findings. Low- to moderate-intensity activity should be implemented soon after eating to improve glucose control following breakfast. The type of activity appears less important than the timing. These findings will help optimize exercise-meal timing in general health guidelines. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03730727.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Energy Metabolism; Female; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Conditioning, Human; Standing Position; Walking
PubMed: 31396757
DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02300-4 -
International Urology and Nephrology Dec 2023There are few reports on the relationship between skipping breakfast and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the skipping breakfast-CKD relationship and the...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
There are few reports on the relationship between skipping breakfast and chronic kidney disease (CKD). We examined the skipping breakfast-CKD relationship and the mediation effects of metabolic diseases (obesity, hypertension, and diabetes) on this relationship.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
We analyzed the data of 21,138 participants aged ≥ 40 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2018. Skipping breakfast was defined as rarely eating breakfast over the past year. CKD was defined as decreased kidney function expressed by an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min/1.73 m. We used a complex sample logistic regression model to examine the relationship between skipping breakfast and CKD. We used Baron and Kenny's approach to examine whether metabolic diseases work as a mediator within the skipping breakfast-CKD relationships.
RESULTS
About 7.6% of participants skipped breakfast, and 5.5% had CKD. After adjusting for confounders, participants who skipped breakfast were at higher odds of having CKD (odds ratio 1.61; 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.42; p value 0.021) compared to those who did not skip breakfast. With full adjustments for confounders, skipping breakfast was not significantly associated with any metabolic diseases, while CKD was significantly associated with diabetes and hypertension.
CONCLUSION
We found that middle-aged or older people who skipped breakfast had a significantly higher odds of having CKD compared to those who did not skip breakfast. However, metabolic diseases did not mediate the relationship between skipping breakfast and CKD.
Topics: Middle Aged; Humans; Aged; Breakfast; Feeding Behavior; Nutrition Surveys; Diabetes Mellitus; Metabolic Diseases; Hypertension; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 37093440
DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03590-5 -
Nutrients Jun 2023The United States (US) School Breakfast Program provides Breakfast After The Bell (BATB) to alleviate hunger, provide nutrition, and ensure students have a healthy start... (Review)
Review
Alternative School Breakfast Service Models and Associations with Breakfast Participation, Diet Quality, Body Mass Index, Attendance, Behavior, and Academic Performance: A Systematic Review.
The United States (US) School Breakfast Program provides Breakfast After The Bell (BATB) to alleviate hunger, provide nutrition, and ensure students have a healthy start to the day. This study aims to review the evidence regarding the impact of BATB on students' diet and academic outcomes, including participation, diet quality and consumption, body mass index (BMI) and weight status, attendance, classroom behavior, and academic performance. The articles were extracted from three electronic databases and published since the start of the literature through December 2022. Studies were peer-reviewed; quantitative research articles or government reports; and conducted in public or private elementary, middle, and high schools. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Thirty-seven studies were included in this review. This review found BATB increased school breakfast participation, improved diet quality, and improved classroom behavior particularly among students from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and students eligible for free or reduced-price meals. The impact of BATB on BMI and weight status, academic achievement and attendance was mixed. This review is particularly timely given free school meals and updated school nutrition standards are being prioritized over the next decade in the US. Thus, it is important to evaluate the nutritional and educational outcomes of BATB. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021289719).
Topics: Humans; United States; Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Ethnicity; Minority Groups; Diet; Food Services
PubMed: 37447277
DOI: 10.3390/nu15132951 -
Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Oct 2021Limited data are available linking breakfast consumption to Heart Burn Syndrome (HBS). This study was done to investigate to find whether breakfast consumption is...
PURPOSE
Limited data are available linking breakfast consumption to Heart Burn Syndrome (HBS). This study was done to investigate to find whether breakfast consumption is associated with HBS. This cross-sectional study was done to investigate the association between breakfast consumption and HBS among Iranian adults.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was performed among 4763 general adults of Isfahan, Iran. Participants' patterns of breakfast eating were assessed by asking two questions from them. How often do you eat breakfast in a week?" Participants were able to respond as: "never or 1 day/wk", "2-4 days/wk", "5-6 days/wk", "every day". HBS was defined as the presence of HBS at sometimes, often or always using a Persian version of validated self-administered modified ROME III questionnaire.
RESULTS
Totally, 4763 patients with HBS completed this cross-sectional study, where about 32.4% of them intake breakfast less than one time per week. After controlling for potential confounders, participants who consumed breakfast every day had a 43% lower risk for having HBS as compared with those who had breakfast ≤ 1 times/wk (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.41-0.80). A significant inverse relationship was found between breakfast consumption and frequent than scare HBS (OR 0.57; 95% CI 0.40-0.77) among the whole population, not in patients with HBS. No significant association was observed between breakfast intake and severity of HBS (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.31-1.04).
CONCLUSION
We found an inverse association between frequency of breakfast consumption and odds of HBS as well as the frequency of HBS among the adult population. Prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
Topics: Adult; Breakfast; Cross-Sectional Studies; Heartburn; Humans; Iran; Prevalence
PubMed: 33184767
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01065-5