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Science (New York, N.Y.) Mar 2023The use of alkaline salt lands for crop production is hindered by a scarcity of knowledge and breeding efforts for plant alkaline tolerance. Through genome association...
The use of alkaline salt lands for crop production is hindered by a scarcity of knowledge and breeding efforts for plant alkaline tolerance. Through genome association analysis of sorghum, a naturally high-alkaline-tolerant crop, we detected a major locus, (), specifically related to alkaline-salinity sensitivity. An allele with a carboxyl-terminal truncation increased sensitivity, whereas knockout of increased tolerance to alkalinity in sorghum, millet, rice, and maize. encodes an atypical G protein γ subunit that affects the phosphorylation of aquaporins to modulate the distribution of hydrogen peroxide (HO) These processes appear to protect plants against oxidative stress by alkali. Designing knockouts of homologs or selecting its natural nonfunctional alleles could improve crop productivity in sodic lands.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oryza; Oxidative Stress; Plant Breeding; Salinity; Alkalies; Sodium Bicarbonate; Carbonates; Salt Tolerance; Sorghum; GTP-Binding Protein gamma Subunits; Plant Proteins; Aquaporins; Crop Production; Genetic Loci; Soil
PubMed: 36952416
DOI: 10.1126/science.ade8416 -
Journal of Toxicology. Clinical... 2004This Position Paper was prepared using the methodology agreed by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and... (Review)
Review
This Position Paper was prepared using the methodology agreed by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT) and the European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT). All relevant scientific literature was identified and reviewed critically by acknowledged experts using set criteria. Well-conducted clinical and experimental studies were given precedence over anecdotal case reports and abstracts were not considered. A draft Position Paper was then produced and presented at the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicology in October 2001 and at the EAPCCT Congress in May 2002 to allow participants to comment on the draft after which a revised draft was produced. The Position Paper was subjected to detailed peer review by an international group of clinical toxicologists chosen by the AACT and the EAPCCT, and a final draft was approved by the boards of the two societies. The Position Paper includes a summary statement (Position Statement) for ease of use, which will also be published separately, as well as the detailed scientific evidence on which the conclusions of the Position Paper are based. Urine alkalinization is a treatment regimen that increases poison elimination by the administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate to produce urine with a pH > or = 7.5. The term urine alkalinization emphasizes that urine pH manipulation rather than a diuresis is the prime objective of treatment; the terms forced alkaline diuresis and alkaline diuresis should therefore be discontinued. Urine alkalinization increases the urine elimination of chlorpropamide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diflunisal, fluoride, mecoprop, methotrexate, phenobarbital, and salicylate. Based on volunteer and clinical studies, urine alkalinization should be considered as first line treatment for patients with moderately severe salicylate poisoning who do not meet the criteria for hemodialysis. Urine alkalinization cannot be recommended as first line treatment in cases of phenobarbital poisoning as multiple-dose activated charcoal is superior. Supportive care, including the infusion of dextrose, is invariably adequate in chlorpropamide poisoning. A substantial diuresis is required in addition to urine alkalinization in the chlorophenoxy herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and mecoprop, if clinically important herbicide elimination is to be achieved. Volunteer studies strongly suggest that urine alkalinization increases fluoride elimination, but this is yet to be confirmed in clinical studies. Although urine alkalinization is employed clinically in methotrexate toxicity, currently there is only one study that supports its use. Urine alkalinization enhances diflunisal excretion, but this technique is unlikely to be of value in diflunisal poisoning. In conclusion, urine alkalinization should be considered first line treatment in patients with moderately severe salicylate poisoning who do not meet the criteria for hemodialysis. Urine alkalinization and high urine flow (approximately 600 mL/h) should also be considered in patients with severe 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and mecoprop poisoning. Administration of bicarbonate to alkalinize the urine results in alkalemia (an increase in blood pH or reduction in its hydrogen ion concentration); pH values approaching 7.70 have been recorded. Hypokalemia is the most common complication but can be corrected by giving potassium supplements. Alkalotic tetany occurs occasionally, but hypocalcemia is rare. There is no evidence to suggest that relatively short-duration alkalemia (more than a few hours) poses a risk to life in normal individuals or in those with coronary and cerebral arterial disease.
Topics: Alkalies; Animals; Europe; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Poison Control Centers; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Medical; Toxicology; United States
PubMed: 15083932
DOI: 10.1081/clt-120028740 -
Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and... Dec 2020Telomeres length and telomerase activity are currently considered aging molecular stigmata. Water is a major requirement for our body and water should be alkaline....
Telomeres length and telomerase activity are currently considered aging molecular stigmata. Water is a major requirement for our body and water should be alkaline. Recent reports have shown that aging is related to a reduced water intake. We wanted to investigate the effect of the daily intake of alkaline water on the molecular hallmark of aging and the anti-oxidant response. We watered a mouse model of aging with or without alkaline supplementation. After 10 months, we obtained the blood, the bone marrow and the ovaries from both groups. In the blood, we measured the levels of ROS, SOD-1, GSH, and the telomerase activity and analysed the bone marrow and the ovaries for the telomeres length. We found reduced ROS levels and increased SOD-1, GSH, telomerase activity and telomeres length in alkaline supplemented mice. We show here that watering by using alkaline water supplementation highly improves aging at the molecular level.
Topics: Aging; Alkalies; Animals; Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Molecular Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Water
PubMed: 32106720
DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2020.1733547 -
Neurochemical Research Nov 2012Bipolar disorder I and II are affective disorders with mood changes between depressive and manic (bipolar I) or hypomanic (bipolar II) periods. Current therapy of these... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorder I and II are affective disorders with mood changes between depressive and manic (bipolar I) or hypomanic (bipolar II) periods. Current therapy of these conditions is chronic treatment with one or more of the anti-bipolar drugs, Li(+) ('lithium'), carbamazepine and valproic acid. The pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is multifactorial and far from clear. Recent data on the dependence of normal brain function on neuronal-astrocytic interactions raise the possibility of astrocytic involvement. We will discuss our previously published and new results on effects of chronic treatment of primary cultures of normal mouse astrocytes with any of three conventional anti-bipolar drugs. The focus will be on several drug-induced events in relation to therapeutic effects of the drugs, such as myo-inositol uptake, intracellular pH and alkalinization, drug-induced modulation of glutamatergic activity in astrocytes and release of astrocytic 'gliotransmitters'. Finally, we will discuss the importance of phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) and arachidonic acid cascade in drug-treated astrocytes, partly based on Dr. Barneda Cuirana's published thesis. All three drugs cause gradual intracellular alkalinization through different mechanisms. Alkalinization inhibit myo-inositol uptake, resulting in reduced inositolphosphate/phospholipid signaling. Accordingly, transmitter-induced increase in free intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) becomes inhibited, aborting release of astrocytic 'gliotransmitters'. The reduction of "gliotransmitter" effects on neurons may have therapeutic effects in mania. Alkalinization also up-regulates expression of cPLA(2), an enzyme releasing arachidonic acid, and triggered arachidonic acid cascade and production, but perhaps not release, of prostaglandins. Whenever tested, identical effects were observed in freshly isolated astrocytes, but not neurons, from carbamazepine-treated healthy animals.
Topics: Alkalies; Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Astrocytes; Bipolar Disorder; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lithium Compounds; Mice
PubMed: 22965852
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0837-7 -
Regional Anesthesia 1995A number of clinical studies have been performed in an attempt to establish the effects of alkalinization on potency of local anesthetics. Conflicting results were... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
A number of clinical studies have been performed in an attempt to establish the effects of alkalinization on potency of local anesthetics. Conflicting results were obtained probably because different studies used different methods as well as different definitions of the effects. To determine the efficacy of alkalinization using different local anesthetic solutions and different regional blocks, 180 patients were studied in a randomized, double-blind fashion. The local anesthetic solutions studied were bupivacaine, mepivacaine, and lidocaine; the regional blocks studied were epidural block, axillary brachial plexus block, and femoral and sciatic nerve block.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, 180 patients receiving epidural block (n = 60), sciatic and femoral nerve block (n = 60), and brachial plexus block (n = 60) were randomized to receive, in a double-blind fashion, a plain or a pH-adjusted solution of 2% mepivacaine, 2% lidocaine, or 0.5% bupivacaine. Onset of sensory analgesia, onset of maximum effect (peak effect or complete analgesia), duration of the block, onset, duration and density of motor block were evaluated using pinprick (Hollmen scale) and a 10-point decimal scale (Seow scale).
RESULTS
concerning epidural block, the alkalinization of the local anesthetic shortened significantly the onset of sensory analgesia in the dermatome corresponding to the lumbar interspace used for epidural puncture (L3-L4) and increased the spread of the epidural block in all the groups. The onset of sensory analgesia at L4 level ranged from 10 minutes for plain bupivacaine to 3 minutes for alkalinized lidocaine, whereas the onset at T10 level ranged from 16 minutes for plain bupivacaine and mepivacaine to 12.3 minutes for alkalinized lidocaine. The effects of alkalinization were more evident with lidocaine and bupivacaine. Concerning femoral and sciatic nerve blocks, a statistically significant shorter onset of sensory analgesia and motor block were observed with mepivacaine. Concerning brachial plexus axillary block, the effects of alkalinization were more evident with lidocaine.
CONCLUSIONS
Alkalinization produced the best results with lidocaine and bupivacaine for epidural block, with lidocaine for brachial plexus block, and with mepivacaine for sciatic and femoral nerve blocks.
Topics: Adult; Alkalies; Analgesia; Anesthesia, Conduction; Anesthesia, Epidural; Anesthetics, Local; Axilla; Brachial Plexus; Bupivacaine; Double-Blind Method; Drug Synergism; Female; Femoral Nerve; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lidocaine; Male; Mepivacaine; Middle Aged; Motor Neurons; Nerve Block; Sciatic Nerve; Sensation; Time Factors
PubMed: 8519712
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Burn Care & Research :... 2016The aim of this editorial is to provide an overview of the chemical interactions occurring in the skin of our patients on contact with alkaline agents. Strongly basic... (Review)
Review
The aim of this editorial is to provide an overview of the chemical interactions occurring in the skin of our patients on contact with alkaline agents. Strongly basic alkali is highly aggressive and will readily hydrolyze (or cleave) key biological molecules such as lipids and proteins. This phenomenon is known as saponification in the case of lipids and liquefactive denaturation for peptides and proteins. A short section on current first-aid concepts is included. A better understanding of the basic science behind alkali burns will make us better teachers and provide an insight into the urgency needed in treating these common and dangerous chemical injuries.
Topics: Alkalies; Burns, Chemical; First Aid; Humans
PubMed: 26182072
DOI: 10.1097/BCR.0000000000000222 -
The Carbon-Capture Efficiency of Natural Water Alkalinization: Implications For Enhanced weathering.The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2022Enhanced weathering (EW) is a promising negative-emission technology that artificially accelerates the dissolution of natural minerals, promotes biomass growth, and...
Enhanced weathering (EW) is a promising negative-emission technology that artificially accelerates the dissolution of natural minerals, promotes biomass growth, and alleviates the acidification of soils and natural waters. EW aims to increase the alkalinity of natural waters (alkalinization) to promote a transfer of CO from the atmosphere to the water. Here we provide a quantification of the alkalinization carbon-capture efficiency (ACE) as a function of the water chemistry. ACE can be used for any alkaline mineral in various natural waters. We show that ACE strongly depends on the water pH, with a sharp transition from minimum to maximum in a narrow interval of pH values. We also quantify ACE in three compartments of the land-to-ocean aquatic continuum: the world topsoils, the lakes of an acid-sensitive area, and the global surface ocean. The results reveal that the efficiency of terrestrial EW varies markedly, from 0 to 100 %, with a significant trade-off in acidic conditions between carbon-capture efficiency and enhanced chemical dissolution. The efficiency is more stable in the ocean, with a typical value of around 80 % and a latitudinal pattern driven by differences in seawater temperature and salinity. Our results point to the importance of an integrated hydrological and biogeochemical theory to assess the fate of the weathering products across the aquatic continuum from land to ocean.
Topics: Atmosphere; Carbon; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Seawater; Water; Weather
PubMed: 35714488
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156524 -
European Journal of Anaesthesiology Jan 2000A number of methods exist by which the pH of local anaesthetic solutions may be increased. Most commonly, these require the addition of differing amounts of sodium...
A number of methods exist by which the pH of local anaesthetic solutions may be increased. Most commonly, these require the addition of differing amounts of sodium bicarbonate solution according to the local anaesthetic drugs. Sodium bicarbonate (1%) was titrated against pH in six commonly used local anaesthetic solutions. Titration curves of pH and volume of sodium bicarbonate solution added are shown for this group of local anaesthetics. This study demonstrates that 1 mL of 1% sodium bicarbonate solution may be used to alkalinize this range of local anaesthetics without the risk of precipitation. We also conclude that Ropivacaine (at concentration 0.75% and 1.0%), is unsuitable for alkalinization since it precipitates at a pH of 6.0.
Topics: Alkalies; Amides; Anesthetics, Local; Bupivacaine; Chemical Precipitation; Epinephrine; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Lidocaine; Ropivacaine; Safety; Sodium Bicarbonate; Temperature; Titrimetry
PubMed: 10758442
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2346.2000.00596.x -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Dec 2001The midgut of mosquito larvae maintains a specific lumen alkalinization profile with large longitudinal gradients (pH approximately 3 units*mm(-1)) in which an extremely...
The midgut of mosquito larvae maintains a specific lumen alkalinization profile with large longitudinal gradients (pH approximately 3 units*mm(-1)) in which an extremely alkaline (pH approximately 11) anterior midgut lies between near-neutral posterior midgut and gastric cecum (pH 7-8). A plasma membrane H(+) V-ATPase energizes this alkalinization but the ion carriers involved are unknown. Capillary zone electrophoresis of body samples with outlet conductivity detection showed a specific transepithelial distribution of chloride and bicarbonate/carbonate ions, with high concentrations of both anions in the midgut tissue: 68.3 +/- 5.64 and 50.8 +/- 4.21 mM, respectively. Chloride was higher in the hemolymph, 57.6 +/- 7.84, than in the lumen, 3.51 +/- 2.58, whereas bicarbonate was higher in the lumen, 58.1 +/- 7.34, than the hemolymph, 3.96 +/- 2.89. Time-lapse video assays of pH profiles in vivo revealed that ingestion of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide and the ion exchange inhibitor DIDS (4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), at 10(-4) M eliminates lumen alkalinization. Basal application of these inhibitors in situ also reduced gradients recorded with self-referencing pH-sensitive microelectrodes near the basal membrane by approximately 65% and 85% respectively. Self-referencing chloride-selective microelectrodes revealed a specific spatial profile of transepithelial chloride transport with an efflux maximum in anterior midgut. Both acetazolamide and DIDS reduced chloride effluxes. These data suggest that an H(+) V-ATPase-energized anion exchange occurs across the apical membrane of the epithelial cells and implicate an electrophoretic Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger and carbonic anhydrase as crucial components of the steady-state alkalinization in anterior midgut of mosquito larvae.
Topics: Alkalies; Animals; Bicarbonates; Chlorides; Culicidae; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ion Transport; Larva; Microelectrodes
PubMed: 11742083
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261253998 -
Neuroscience Oct 1994Depolarization-induced, intracellular alkaline shifts were studied in reactive astrocytes within slices of gliotic hippocampus. Slices were prepared 10-28 days after... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Depolarization-induced, intracellular alkaline shifts were studied in reactive astrocytes within slices of gliotic hippocampus. Slices were prepared 10-28 days after sterotaxic injection of kainic acid into the hippocampus of anesthetized rats. Astrocytes in gliotic CA3 were impaled with double-barreled pH sensitive microelectrodes and depolarized by iontophoresis of K+ from an adjacent micropipette. Elevation of extracellular K+ produced an intracellular alkalinization that grew with increasing membrane depolarization, ranging from approximately 0.10 to 0.30 pH units. Exposure to Ba2+ depolarized the cells and produced a similar alkalinization. In the presence of Ba2+, the K(+)-induced depolarization and the associated alkaline shift were abolished. The depolarization-induced alkaline shifts were partially inhibited (40 +/- 8.9%) in Na(+)-free media and were enhanced in bicarbonate versus HEPES-buffered saline. The alkalinizations were unaffected by incubation in chloride-free media, or by the stilbene 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid. It is concluded that the depolarization-induced alkaline shift of reactive astrocytes is mediated in part by a Na+ and HCO3(-)-dependent mechanism that is insensitive to stilbenes. These characteristics correspond well with the properties of depolarization-induced acid secretion in the gliotic tissue. In addition, a separate, Na(+)-independent mechanism contributes to the depolarization-induced alkalinization. In view of the absolute Na+ dependence of acid secretion in the gliotic slices, we propose that the latter mechanism does not extrude acid across the plasma membrane.
Topics: Alkalies; Animals; Astrocytes; Barium; Bicarbonates; Electrophysiology; Gliosis; Hippocampus; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; In Vitro Techniques; Potassium; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Sodium
PubMed: 7845587
DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90344-1