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Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2011
Topics: Amitrole; Animals; Carcinogens; Enzyme Inhibitors; Herbicides; Humans; Neoplasms
PubMed: 21829250
DOI: No ID Found -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2002
Topics: Amitrole; Animals; Carcinogens; Environmental Exposure; Government Regulation; Humans; United States
PubMed: 15317121
DOI: No ID Found -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2004
Topics: Amitrole; Animals; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Environmental Exposure; Female; Government Regulation; Guidelines as Topic; Herbicides; Humans; Male; Mice; Models, Biological; Rats; United States
PubMed: 21105243
DOI: No ID Found -
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of... 1986
Topics: Amitrole; Animals; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Herbicides; Humans; Lethal Dose 50; Mice; Mice, Inbred Strains; Mutagenicity Tests; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Triazoles
PubMed: 3473030
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Molecular Recognition : JMR Nov 2021SPR sensor used for amitrole detection was prepared without using any modification. Molecularly imprinted SPR sensor enabled high selectivity for amitrole pesticide....
SPR sensor used for amitrole detection was prepared without using any modification. Molecularly imprinted SPR sensor enabled high selectivity for amitrole pesticide. Amino acid-based functional monomer MATrp was integrated as a recognition element. Tailor-made SPR sensor enables real-time monitoring of amitrole pesticide. Synthetic recognition sites provided by MATrp were prepared without labeling.
Topics: Amitrole; Biosensing Techniques; Limit of Detection; Molecular Imprinting; Nanoparticles; Surface Plasmon Resonance; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34378825
DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2929 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2018Fulvic acid (Henan ChangSheng Corporation) photoinduced degradation of non-UVA-absorbing herbicide amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, AMT) as a way for its removal from...
Fulvic acid (Henan ChangSheng Corporation) photoinduced degradation of non-UVA-absorbing herbicide amitrole (3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, AMT) as a way for its removal from polluted water was investigated in details. It was shown that the main primary species generated by fulvic acid under UVA radiation, triplet state and hydrated electron, are not directly involved in the herbicide degradation. AMT decays in reactions with secondary intermediates, reactive oxygen species, formed in reactions of the primary ones with dissolved oxygen. Singlet oxygen is responsible for 80% of herbicide oxidation, and OH and O radicals-for the remaining 20% of AMT. It was found that quantum yield of AMT photodegradation (ϕ ) decreases linearly from 2.2 × 10 to 1.2 × 10 with the increase of fulvic acid concentration from 1.1 to 30 mg L. On the contrary, the increase of AMT concentration from 0.8 to 25 mg L leads to practically linear growth of ϕ value from 1.8 × 10 to 4 × 10. Thus, the fulvic acid exhibits a good potential as UVA photooxidizer of organic pollutants sensitive to the singlet oxygen (ϕ (O) = 0.025 at pH 6.5).
Topics: Amitrole; Benzopyrans; Environmental Pollutants; Herbicides; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Photolysis; Singlet Oxygen; Triazoles; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 28233210
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8580-x -
Therapeutique (La Semaine Des Hopitaux) Mar 1969
Topics: Amitriptyline; Animals; Depression; Humans
PubMed: 5386060
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2009Amitrole is a nonselective polar herbicide that can easily pollute ground and surface waters because of its high solubility in water. A precolumn derivatization...
Amitrole is a nonselective polar herbicide that can easily pollute ground and surface waters because of its high solubility in water. A precolumn derivatization high-performance liquid chromatographic method for amitrole analysis has been developed. Derivatization of amitrole was performed with 4-chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzotrifluoride (CNBF). The derivatization conditions and the influence of elution composition on the separation were investigated. In pH 9.5 H(3)BO(3)-Na(2)B(4)O(7) media, the reaction of amitrole with CNBF was complete at 60 degrees C after 30 min. The stability of the derivative under light irradiation and room temperature in methanol-water samples was demonstrated. The derivatized amitrole was separated on a K C(18) column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) at room temperature, and UV detection was applied at 360 nm. The separation of derivatized amitrole was achieved within 18 min by gradient elution mode. The method correlation coefficient was 0.9995, in concentrations ranging from 1.59 to 318 mg L(-1). The detection limit of amitrole was 0.16 mg L(-1) with a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. The proposed method was applied to the quantitative determination of amitrole in environmental water with recoveries of 92.0-103.0% and RSDs of 2.22-6.26, depending on the sample investigated. This method has good accuracy and repeatability that can be used to quantify amitrole in environmental water.
Topics: Amitrole; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fluorobenzenes; Herbicides; Nitro Compounds; Sensitivity and Specificity; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 19425574
DOI: 10.1021/jf900601f -
Archives of Environmental Contamination... Aug 2007Within their aquatic habitats, larval amphibians are often subjected to multiple natural and anthropic stressors. Among these, predation and waterborne pollution...
Within their aquatic habitats, larval amphibians are often subjected to multiple natural and anthropic stressors. Among these, predation and waterborne pollution represent two types of stressing factor that frequently co-occur. In this connection, the present laboratory study was designed to investigate the effects of amitrole, a commonly used triazole herbicide, on the predator-prey relationship between common frog tadpoles (Rana temporaria) and larval spotted salamander (Salamandra salamandra). Tadpoles were exposed for 3 days to 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L amitrole, either in the absence or in the presence of larval salamanders. Tadpole behavior (refuge use, movements) was monitored every day, and the predation efficiency was assessed at the end of the experiment by counting the number of surviving tadpoles. In the absence of the predator, amitrole-exposed tadpoles (at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/L) increased their refuge use and decreased their rate of movements. In the presence of the predator, amitrole contamination did not affect tadpole behavior, except on the first day, where tadpoles exposed to 10 mg/L were found to be significantly more active than unexposed control tadpoles. Throughout the experiment, control tadpoles were the only group to show significant reductions of activity and visibility in response to the predator's presence. In contrast, tadpoles exposed to 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L amitrole increased their refuge use in response to the predator, whereas their rate of movements remained unaffected. Furthermore, exposures of tadpoles to the two highest amitrole concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) resulted in the loss of both behavioral responses to the predator's presence. Interestingly, the lack of antipredator behavior in amitrole-exposed tadpoles did not enhance their vulnerability to predation by the larval salamander. Moreover, tadpoles exposed to the two highest herbicide concentrations showed a better survival than unexposed controls, indicating that amitrole contamination also had detrimental effects on the predatory behavior of the larval salamander. These findings emphasize the need to consider the effects of contaminants on both predator and prey before drawing conclusions about the possible consequences of prey behavioral modifications on the predation risk.
Topics: Amitrole; Animals; Herbicides; Larva; Predatory Behavior; Rana temporaria; Salamandra; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 17549540
DOI: 10.1007/s00244-006-0229-6 -
Pest Management Science Dec 2016Exploiting novel herbicidal modes of action is an important method to overcome the challenges faced by increasing resistance and regulatory pressure on existing...
BACKGROUND
Exploiting novel herbicidal modes of action is an important method to overcome the challenges faced by increasing resistance and regulatory pressure on existing commercial herbicides. Recent reports of inhibitors of enzymes in the non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis led to the design of a novel class of azolopyrimidines which were assessed for their herbicidal activity. Studies were also undertaken to determine the mode of action responsible for the observed herbicidal activity.
RESULTS
In total, 30 novel azolopyrimidines were synthesised and their structures were unambiguously determined by H NMR, mass spectroscopy and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The herbicidal activity of this new chemical class was assessed against six common weed species, with compounds from this series displaying bleaching symptomology in post-emergence tests. A structure-activity relationship for the novel compounds was determined, which showed that only those belonging to the hydroxytriazolopyrimidine subclass displayed significant herbicidal activity. Observed similarities between the bleaching symptomology displayed by these herbicides and amitrole suggested that hydroxytriazolopyrimidines could be acting as elaborate propesticides of amitrole, and this was subsequently demonstrated in plant metabolism studies using Amaranthus retroflexus. It was shown that selected hydroxytriazolopyrimidines that displayed promising herbicidal activity generated amitrole, with peak concentrations of amitrole generally being observed 1 day after application. Additionally, the herbicidal activity of selected compounds was profiled against tobacco plants engineered to overexpress 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol synthase (IspD) or lycopene β-cyclase, and the results suggested that, where significant herbicidal activity was observed, inhibition of IspD was not responsible for the activity. Tobacco plants overexpressing lycopene β-cyclase showed tolerance to amitrole and the two most herbicidally active triazolopyrimidines.
CONCLUSIONS
Inhibition of IspD leading to herbicidal activity has been ruled out as the mode of action for the hydroxytriazolopyrimidine class of herbicides. Additionally, tobacco plants overexpressing lycopene β-cyclase showed tolerance to amitrole, which indicates that this is the main herbicidal mode of action for amitrole. Results from the metabolic fate study of selected hydroxytriazolopyrimidines suggested that the herbicidal activity displayed by these compounds is due to amitrole production, which was confirmed when tobacco plants overexpressing lycopene β-cyclase also showed tolerance towards two triazolopyrimidines from this study. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Aldose-Ketose Isomerases; Amaranthus; Amitrole; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Enzyme Inhibitors; Escherichia coli Proteins; Herbicides; Intramolecular Lyases; Multienzyme Complexes; Oxidoreductases; Plant Weeds; Plants, Genetically Modified; Pyrimidines; Structure-Activity Relationship; Nicotiana
PubMed: 26918632
DOI: 10.1002/ps.4264