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Plant Science : An International... Feb 2015Ammonia (ammonium ion under physiological conditions) is one of the key nitrogen sources in cellular amino acid biosynthesis. It is continuously produced in living...
Ammonia (ammonium ion under physiological conditions) is one of the key nitrogen sources in cellular amino acid biosynthesis. It is continuously produced in living organisms by a number of biochemical processes, but its accumulation in cells leads to tissue damage. Current knowledge suggests that a few enzymes and transporters are responsible for maintaining the delicate balance of ammonium fluxes in plant tissues. In this study we analyze the data in the scientific literature and the publicly available information on the dozens of biochemical reactions in which endogenous ammonium is produced or consumed, the enzymes that catalyze them, and the enzyme and transporter mutants listed in plant metabolic and genetic databases (Plant Metabolic Network, TAIR, and Genevestigator). Our compiled data show a surprisingly high number of little-studied reactions that might influence cellular ammonium concentrations. The role of ammonium in apoptosis, its relation to oxidative stress, and alterations in ammonium metabolism induced by environmental stress need to be explored in order to develop methods to manage ammonium toxicity.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Nitrogen; Plants
PubMed: 25576003
DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.12.005 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 1954
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Animals; Molluscacides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Snails
PubMed: 13156624
DOI: 10.1126/science.119.3093.470 -
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry 1951
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Carbohydrates; Cardiac Glycosides; Glycosides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 14894349
DOI: 10.1016/s0096-5332(08)60065-x -
British Medical Journal Jan 1948
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Bromides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Tetraethylammonium
PubMed: 18932880
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4541.123-c -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Jan 2021C(1)-Ammonium enolates are powerful, catalytically generated synthetic intermediates applied in the enantioselective α-functionalisation of carboxylic acid derivatives.... (Review)
Review
C(1)-Ammonium enolates are powerful, catalytically generated synthetic intermediates applied in the enantioselective α-functionalisation of carboxylic acid derivatives. This minireview describes the recent developments in the generation and application of C(1)-ammonium enolates from various precursors (carboxylic acids, anhydrides, acyl imidazoles, aryl esters, α-diazoketones, alkyl halides) using isothiourea Lewis base organocatalysts. Their synthetic utility in intra- and intermolecular enantioselective C-C and C-X bond forming processes on reaction with various electrophiles will be showcased utilising two distinct catalyst turnover approaches.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Carboxylic Acids; Catalysis; Molecular Structure; Stereoisomerism
PubMed: 32557875
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002059 -
Planta Aug 2022Nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH) are the main nitrogen (N) sources and key determinants for plant growth and development. In recent decades, NH, which is a double-sided N... (Review)
Review
Nitrate (NO) and ammonium (NH) are the main nitrogen (N) sources and key determinants for plant growth and development. In recent decades, NH, which is a double-sided N compound, has attracted considerable amounts of attention from researchers. Elucidating the mechanisms of NH toxicity and exploring the means to overcome this toxicity are necessary to improve agricultural sustainability. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge concerning the energy consumption and production underlying NH metabolism and toxicity in plants, such as N uptake; assimilation; cellular pH homeostasis; and functions of the plasma membrane (PM), vacuolar H-ATPase and H-pyrophosphatase (H-PPase). We also discuss whether the overconsumption of energy is the primary cause of NH toxicity or constitutes a fundamental strategy for plants to adapt to high-NH stress. In addition, the effects of regulators on energy production and consumption and other physiological processes are listed for evaluating the possibility of high energy costs associated with NH toxicity. This review is helpful for exploring the tolerance mechanisms and for developing NH-tolerant varieties as well as agronomic techniques to alleviate the effects of NH stress in the field.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Nitrates; Nitrogen; Plant Roots; Plants
PubMed: 35994155
DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03971-7 -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Apr 1962
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Dermatologic Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 13882980
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1962.tb11081.x -
The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Mar 1962
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Dermatologic Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 13882979
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1962.tb11069.x -
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jun 1961
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Dermatologic Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 13712746
DOI: 10.1002/jps.2600500620 -
American Journal of Public Health and... Apr 1948
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Dermatologic Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 18911964
DOI: 10.2105/ajph.38.4.493