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Journal of Oleo Science 2021Quaternary ammonium compounds are widely used as antiseptic and disinfectant. It is been a concern that their widespread use will lead to an increase of environmental...
Quaternary ammonium compounds are widely used as antiseptic and disinfectant. It is been a concern that their widespread use will lead to an increase of environmental problems, therefore the development of biodegradable surfactants is necessary. The present research is aimed at the design of novel amphiphilic molecules with similar properties to those already known but more biodegradable. Based on benzalkonium chloride (BAC), novel carbonate cleavable surfactants (CBAC) were synthesized. The breakable carbonate sites make CBAC compounds more degradable and potentially more biodegradable than their non-cleavable BAC analogues. Natural products such as fatty alcohols (C-C) and N,N-dimethyl-2-aminoethanol were used as reagents for the synthesis of CBAC8-16. These amphiphilic compounds were characterized in terms of surface properties and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts and moulds. The novel surfactants showed similar surface activities in aqueous solutions when compared to BAC. Also, the surface activity/structure relationship revealed that carbonate cleavable surfactants with n-decyl group (CBAC10) showed the same behaviour as non-cleavable BAC. Furthermore, compounds containing n-octyl (CBAC8), n-decyl (CBAC10) and n-dodecyl (CBAC12) group showed strong antimicrobial activities.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Benzalkonium Compounds; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbonates; Deanol; Disinfectants; Fatty Alcohols; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Gram-Positive Bacteria; Indicators and Reagents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Structure-Activity Relationship; Surface Properties; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 33431773
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20216 -
The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Potential of New Water-Soluble Tris-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023The invention and innovation of highly effective antimicrobials are always crucial tasks for medical and organic chemistry, especially at the current time, when there is...
The invention and innovation of highly effective antimicrobials are always crucial tasks for medical and organic chemistry, especially at the current time, when there is a serious threat of shortages of effective antimicrobials following the pandemic. In the study presented in this article, we established a new approach to synthesizing three novel series of bioactive water-soluble tris-quaternary ammonium compounds using an optimized one-pot method, and we assessed their antimicrobial and antibiofilm potential. Five pathogenic microorganisms of the ESKAPE group, including highly resistant clinical isolates, were used as the test samples. Moreover, we highlighted the dependence of antibacterial activity from the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the QACs and noted the significant performance of the desired products on biofilms with MBEC as low as 16 mg/L against bacteria and 8 mg/L against fungi. Particularly notable was the high activity against and , which are among the most resilient bacteria known. The presented work will provide useful insights for future research on the topic.
Topics: Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37445691
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310512 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2015Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With... (Review)
Review
Polymeric materials containing quaternary ammonium and/or phosphonium salts have been extensively studied and applied to a variety of antimicrobial-relevant areas. With various architectures, polymeric quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts were prepared using different approaches, exhibiting different antimicrobial activities and potential applications. This review focuses on the state of the art of antimicrobial polymers with quaternary ammonium/phosphonium salts. In particular, it discusses the structure and synthesis method, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and the comparison of antimicrobial performance between these two kinds of polymers.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Organophosphorus Compounds; Polymers; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 25667977
DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023626 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Jul 2023Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are among the leading cause of perioperative anaphylaxis, and most of these reactions are IgE mediated. Allergic sensitisation...
BACKGROUND
Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are among the leading cause of perioperative anaphylaxis, and most of these reactions are IgE mediated. Allergic sensitisation induced by environmental exposure to other quaternary ammonium-containing compounds, such as pholcodine, has been suggested. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between pholcodine exposure and NMBA-related anaphylaxis.
METHODS
ALPHO was a multicentre case-control study, comparing pholcodine exposure within a year before anaesthesia between patients with NMBA-related perioperative anaphylaxis (cases) and control patients with uneventful anaesthesia in France. Each case was matched to two controls by age, sex, type of NMBA, geographic area, and season. Pholcodine exposure was assessed by a self-administered questionnaire and pharmaceutical history retrieved from pharmacy records. The diagnostic values of anti-pholcodine and anti-quaternary ammonium specific IgE (sIgE) were also evaluated.
RESULTS
Overall, 167 cases were matched with 334 controls. NMBA-related anaphylaxis was significantly associated with pholcodine consumption (odds ratio 4.2; 95% confidence interval 2.3-7.0) and occupational exposure to quaternary ammonium compounds (odds ratio 6.1; 95% confidence interval 2.7-13.6), suggesting that apart from pholcodine, other environmental factors can also lead to sensitisation to NMBAs. Pholcodine and quaternary ammonium sIgEs had a high negative predictive value (99.9%) but a very low positive predictive value (<3%) for identifying NMBA-related reactions.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients exposed to pholcodine 12 months before NMBA exposure have a significantly higher risk of an NMBA-related anaphylaxis. The low positive predictive values of pholcodine and quaternary ammonium sIgEs precludes their use to identify a population with a high risk of NMBA-related anaphylaxis.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
NCT02250729.
Topics: Humans; Ammonium Compounds; Anaphylaxis; Case-Control Studies; Drug Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 36967281
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2023.02.026 -
Water Research Apr 2023Rapid sand filters (RSF) are an established and widely applied technology for groundwater treatment. Yet, the underlying interwoven biological and physical-chemical...
Rapid sand filters (RSF) are an established and widely applied technology for groundwater treatment. Yet, the underlying interwoven biological and physical-chemical reactions controlling the sequential removal of iron, ammonia and manganese remain poorly understood. To resolve the contribution and interactions between the individual reactions, we studied two full-scale drinking water treatment plant configurations, namely (i) one dual-media (anthracite and quartz sand) filter and (ii) two single-media (quartz sand) filters in series. In situ and ex situ activity tests were combined with mineral coating characterization and metagenome-guided metaproteomics along the depth of each filter. Both plants exhibited comparable performances and process compartmentalization, with most of ammonium and manganese removal occurring only after complete iron depletion. The homogeneity of the media coating and genome-based microbial composition within each compartment highlighted the effect of backwashing, namely the complete vertical mixing of the filter media. In stark contrast to this homogeneity, the removal of the contaminants was strongly stratified within each compartment, and decreased along the filter height. This apparent and longstanding conflict was resolved by quantifying the expressed proteome at different filter heights, revealing a consistent stratification of proteins catalysing ammonia oxidation and protein-based relative abundances of nitrifying genera (up to 2 orders of magnitude difference between top and bottom samples). This implies that microorganisms adapt their protein pool to the available nutrient load at a faster rate than the backwash mixing frequency. Ultimately, these results show the unique and complementary potential of metaproteomics to understand metabolic adaptations and interactions in highly dynamic ecosystems.
Topics: Manganese; Iron; Ammonium Compounds; Ammonia; Quartz; Ecosystem; Groundwater; Filtration; Water Purification
PubMed: 36868119
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119805 -
British Medical Journal Jan 1948
Topics: Ammonia; Ammonium Compounds; Bromides; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Tetraethylammonium
PubMed: 18932880
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.4541.123-c -
Kidney360 May 2022Determination of urinary ammonium excretion is helpful in evaluating patients with acid-base disorders, chronic kidney disease, and nephrolithiasis. However, urinary...
BACKGROUND
Determination of urinary ammonium excretion is helpful in evaluating patients with acid-base disorders, chronic kidney disease, and nephrolithiasis. However, urinary ammonium levels are only measured by specialized laboratories in the United States, limiting widespread implementation. We evaluated the performance of a plasma ammonium assay to quantify urinary ammonium excretion and also determined ammonium stability under a variety of conditions.
METHODS
An enzymatic plasma ammonium assay (Randox) was modified to measure urinary ammonium concentration. Urine samples were diluted 40-fold and then assayed on an Abbott Architect ci8200 analyzer. Assay precision, limit of quantitation, and linearity were determined. The method was compared against the formalin titration method, and stability studies were conducted at different temperatures and pH.
RESULTS
After dilution, the assay had total precision of 18% at 2.54 mmol/L, 5% at 15.58 mmol/L, and 2% at 29.49 mmol/L, with a limit of quantitation of 2.92 mmol/L. Assay performance was linear in the range of 0.7-45 mmol/L. Method comparison against the formalin method showed a slope of 0.98 and intercept of -0.37 mmol/L. Urinary ammonium was determined to be stable for 48 hours at room temperature and for 9 days at 4°C and -20°C at pH 5.6-6.3. Ammonium was less stable at pH 3.8 and 8.5. When stored at -80°C, urinary ammonium was stable for at least 24 months.
CONCLUSIONS
The modified enzymatic plasma ammonium assay reliably quantifies urine ammonium at physiologic concentrations. It compares well with the formalin titration method and is suitable for routine clinical use on an automated chemistry analyzer.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Formaldehyde; Humans; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Urinary Tract
PubMed: 36128493
DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000262022 -
Nature Communications Mar 2019Nitric oxide (NO) has important functions in biology and atmospheric chemistry as a toxin, signaling molecule, ozone depleting agent and the precursor of the greenhouse...
Nitric oxide (NO) has important functions in biology and atmospheric chemistry as a toxin, signaling molecule, ozone depleting agent and the precursor of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (NO). Although NO is a potent oxidant, and was available on Earth earlier than oxygen, it is unclear whether NO can be used by microorganisms for growth. Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria couple nitrite reduction to ammonium oxidation with NO and hydrazine as intermediates, and produce N and nitrate. Here, we show that the anammox bacterium Kuenenia stuttgartiensis is able to grow in the absence of nitrite by coupling ammonium oxidation to NO reduction, and produce only N. Under these growth conditions, the transcription of proteins necessary for NO generation is downregulated. Our work has potential implications in the control of NO and NO emissions from natural and manmade ecosystems, where anammox bacteria contribute significantly to N release to the atmosphere. We hypothesize that microbial NO-dependent ammonium oxidation may have existed on early Earth.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Anaerobiosis; Bacterial Proteins; Earth, Planet; Gene Expression; Gene Ontology; Molecular Sequence Annotation; Nitric Oxide; Nitrogen; Nitrous Oxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Planctomycetales; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 30886150
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09268-w -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022New salts of photochromic indoline spiropyrans capable of reversibly responding to UV radiation were synthesized to develop light-controlled materials. Photoinduced...
New salts of photochromic indoline spiropyrans capable of reversibly responding to UV radiation were synthesized to develop light-controlled materials. Photoinduced reactions of the synthesized compounds were studied using absorption and luminescence spectroscopies, and the quantum yields of photoisomerization and other spectral and kinetic characteristics were measured. It was shown that the light sensitivity and photostability of the synthesized compounds are considerably influenced by the length of the spacer between the indole and ammonium nitrogen atoms.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Benzopyrans; Nitro Compounds; Ammonium Compounds
PubMed: 36500585
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238492 -
Mitochondrion Jul 2020Plant mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is characterised by alternative electron transport pathways with different energetic efficiencies, allowing turnover of... (Review)
Review
Plant mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is characterised by alternative electron transport pathways with different energetic efficiencies, allowing turnover of cellular redox compounds like NAD(P)H. These electron transport chain pathways are profoundly affected by soil nitrogen availability, most commonly as oxidized nitrate (NO) and/or reduced ammonium (NH). The bioenergetic strategies involved in assimilating different N sources can alter redox homeostasis and antioxidant systems in different cellular compartments, including the mitochondria and the cell wall. Conversely, changes in mitochondrial redox systems can affect plant responses to N. This review explores the integration between N assimilation, mitochondrial redox metabolism, and apoplast metabolism.
Topics: Ammonium Compounds; Cell Respiration; Energy Metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Homeostasis; NAD; Nitrates; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 32485334
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.05.010