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European Annals of Allergy and Clinical... Aug 2012Anisakiasis, firstly described in 1960s in the Netherlands, is a fish-borne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods... (Review)
Review
Anisakiasis, firstly described in 1960s in the Netherlands, is a fish-borne parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods contaminated by third stage (13) larvae of the Anisakidae family, in particular Anisakis simplex (As), A. pegreffii and Pseudoterranova decipiens. Every year, approximately 20,000 cases of anisakiasis were reported worldwide, over 90% are from Japan and most others in Spain, the Netherlands and Germany, depending on the habits of fish consuming. Live As larvae can elicit i) a parasitic infection of the digestive tract or, occasionally, other organs, causing erosive and/or haemorrhagic lesions, ascites, perforations until granulomas and masses, if larva is not removed, and ii) allergic reactions, as anaphylaxis, acute/chronic urticaria and angioedema. Like other parasite infestations, As larva induces an immune adaptive response characterised by T-lymphocyte proliferation with polyclonal and monoclonal (responsible for As allergic symptoms) IgE production, eosinophilia and mastocytosis. Several As allergens, many of which thermostable, were described In particular the major allergen Ani s 1 and Ani s 7 could characterized a past or a recent infection. There is a general agreement that an active infection is required to initiate allergic sensitivity to Anisakis. Until now, the only effective treatment for anisakiasis is the endoscopic removal of live larvae and the best protection against anisakiasis is to educate consumers about the dangers of eating raw fish and to recommend avoiding the consumption of raw or inadequately thermally treated marine fish or cephalopods.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Cytokines; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 23092000
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Parasitology Jan 2002The risk of infection with Anisakis simplex and related parasites of fish has been recognized for some time, but it is now emerging that ingestion of material from dead... (Review)
Review
The risk of infection with Anisakis simplex and related parasites of fish has been recognized for some time, but it is now emerging that ingestion of material from dead parasites in food is also potentially dangerous. The resulting allergic reactions range from rapid onset and potentially lethal anaphylactic reactions to chronic, debilitating conditions. This review discusses the problems and clinical implications associated with A. simplex, other related conditions, and the way in which disease manifestations vary from person to person.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antigens, Helminth; Child; Fish Diseases; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Middle Aged; Risk Factors
PubMed: 11850010
DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4922(01)02152-3 -
Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical... Jun 2005Whereas gastric anisakiasis has been known for several decades, the implications of Anisakis simplex-related allergic disorders had not been thoroughly studied until the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Whereas gastric anisakiasis has been known for several decades, the implications of Anisakis simplex-related allergic disorders had not been thoroughly studied until the late 1990s. This article reviews recent knowledge of allergic disorders ascribed to A. simplex contact or parasitism.
RECENT FINDINGS
Gastroallergic anisakiasis describes an acute hypersensitivity reaction emerging in the context of an acute parasitism by the nematode A. simplex. But other frequent allergic disorders like chronic urticaria are now being studied for a possible relationship with A. simplex parasitism. In recent investigations, non-IgE mediated mechanisms, such as the involvement of other immunoglobulin isotypes (IgG4), or non-immunological events are discussed.
SUMMARY
The experience of the last several years shows that allergic hypersensitivity symptoms in gastroallergic anisakiasis are clinical events accompanying a wide range of immunologic reactions as a host response against a ubiquitous parasite. The discussed and reviewed studies should motivate allergists around the world to search for this entity. Further studies in the field of allergy could benefit from the experience of this peculiar food-related disorder.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Gastritis; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Seafood; Urticaria
PubMed: 15864089
DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000168795.12701.fd -
Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy :... Aug 2011In recent years, Anisakis simplex has been shown to be an important etiologic agent responsible for food allergy and for gastrointestinal anisakiasis. We report a...
In recent years, Anisakis simplex has been shown to be an important etiologic agent responsible for food allergy and for gastrointestinal anisakiasis. We report a 61-year-old woman presenting with generalized urticaria and subsequent anaphylaxis after ingestion of raw mackerel. She rapidly recovered with administration of epinephrine and endoscopic extraction of an A. simplex larva. Serologic testing revealed specific IgE antibody to A. simplex was positive whereas that to mackerel was negative. She was diagnosed as IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to A. simplex. Patients diagnosed as fish-related or idiopathic allergy should be examined for evidence of Anisakis-induced allergy.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Anisakis; Antibodies, Helminth; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Epinephrine; Female; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Food Microbiology; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Larva; Middle Aged; Perciformes; Urticaria
PubMed: 21258954
DOI: 10.1007/s10156-011-0209-2 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2008Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish.... (Review)
Review
Infection of humans with the nematode worm parasite Anisakis simplex was first described in the 1960s in association with the consumption of raw or undercooked fish. During the 1990s it was realized that even the ingestion of dead worms in food fish can cause severe hypersensitivity reactions, that these may be more prevalent than infection itself, and that this outcome could be associated with food preparations previously considered safe. Not only may allergic symptoms arise from infection by the parasites ("gastroallergic anisakiasis"), but true anaphylactic reactions can also occur following exposure to allergens from dead worms by food-borne, airborne, or skin contact routes. This review discusses A. simplex pathogenesis in humans, covering immune hypersensitivity reactions both in the context of a living infection and in terms of exposure to its allergens by other routes. Over the last 20 years, several studies have concentrated on A. simplex antigen characterization and innate as well as adaptive immune response to this parasite. Molecular characterization of Anisakis allergens and isolation of their encoding cDNAs is now an active field of research that should provide improved diagnostic tools in addition to tools with which to enhance our understanding of pathogenesis and controversial aspects of A. simplex allergy. We also discuss the potential relevance of parasite products such as allergens, proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors and the activation of basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells in the induction of A. simplex-related immune hypersensitivity states induced by exposure to the parasite, dead or alive.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Antigens, Helminth; Gastritis; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 18400801
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00012-07 -
International Immunopharmacology Oct 2022IL-7 is a crucial factor for the development of lymphocytes, and it is absolutely necessary for γδ T cells. Mice deficient in L-7 have a deficit of B and αβ T...
IL-7 is a crucial factor for the development of lymphocytes, and it is absolutely necessary for γδ T cells. Mice deficient in L-7 have a deficit of B and αβ T lymphocytes, and an absence of mature γδ TCR cells. IL-7 is essential for the survival, development and maturation of Schistosoma sp., although its production is associated with protection against intestinal helminths. The presence of anti-Anisakis simplex antibodies, especially IgA, is related to a lower frequency in CD3 + CD56 + αβ + lymphocytes and all subpopulations of γδ T cells. In this work, the relationship of IL-7 with humoral and cellular responses against A. simplex in 100 healthy subjects was studied. We have found significantly higher IL-7 levels in anti-A. simplex IgA-positive subjects (p < 0.001). The positivity of anti-A. simplex IgA was associated with a significant reduction in the frequency of CD3 + αβ+ (p < 0.01), CD3 + CD4 + αβ+, CD3 + CD8 + αβ+, CD3 + CD56 + αβ+, CD3 + γδ+, CD3 + CD4-CD8-γδ+ and CD3 + CD56 + γδ+ (p < 0.05) cells. In the case of NKT cells, this same phenomenon was also associated with IgE positivity. There was a weak inverse correlation (Spearman) of IL-7 levels with the frequencies of CD3 + CD4 + αβ+ (-0.125, p = 0.047), CD3 + CD8 + αβ+ (-0.204, p = 0.032), CD3 + CD56 + αβ+ (-0.247, p = 0.007), CD3 + γδ+ (-0.267, p = 0.007), CD3 + CD4-CD8-γδ+ (-0.266, p = 0.003), and CD3 + CD8 + γδ + (-0.302, p = 0.002) cells. The role of NKT cells in the anti-A. simplex response was confirmed and an association between IL and 7 levels and specific antibodies, especially IgA, was demonstrated. The higher production of IL-7 would represent a compensatory mechanism in response to the reduction in lymphocyte populations associated with the response against this parasite.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Interleukin-7; Mice; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; T-Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 35964412
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109134 -
International Immunopharmacology Nov 2021The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the mechanisms Anisakis simplex employs to modify its host immune system, regarding the larval antigens interactions...
AIMS
The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the mechanisms Anisakis simplex employs to modify its host immune system, regarding the larval antigens interactions with Toll-Like-Receptors (TLRs).
METHODS AND RESULTS
In a previous study, we described that the stimulation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) with A. simplex larval antigens drive an acute inflammatory response in BALB/c mice, but a more discrete and longer response in C57BL/6J. Moreover, when A. simplex larval antigens were combined with TLR agonists (TLR 1/2-9), they modified mainly TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 agonists responses in both mice strains, and also TLR3, TLR5 and TLR7 in BALB/c. Antigen-presenting ability was analyzed by the detection of CD11c + cells expressing surface markers (CD80-86, MHC I-II), intracellular cytokines (IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α) and intracellular proteins (Myd88, NF-κβ) by Flow Cytometry. Secreted IL-10 was measured by ELISA.
CONCLUSION
Our findings confirm not only that the host genetic basis plays a role in the development of a Th2/Th1/T response, but also it states A. simplex larval antigens present specific mechanisms to modify the innate response of the host. As allergies share common pathways with the immune response against this particular helminth, our results provide a better understanding into the specific mechanisms of A. simplex allergy related diseases.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Antigens; Female; H-2 Antigens; Immunomodulation; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-12; Larva; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Toll-Like Receptor 2; Toll-Like Receptors; Mice
PubMed: 34537480
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108120 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Apr 2022Anisakis simplex is a parasitic worm. It infects marine mammals that feed on fish and cephalopods, its intermediary hosts. Human disease is caused by accidental...
Anisakis simplex is a parasitic worm. It infects marine mammals that feed on fish and cephalopods, its intermediary hosts. Human disease is caused by accidental ingestion of Anisakis larvae. Upon consumption of contaminated fish, cuttlefish or squid, human may develop two distinct clinical pictures: Anisakiasis is provoked by living larvae penetrating the digestive mucosa. Allergy is caused by IgE-mediate hypersensitivity to living or dead larvae in a previously sensitized individual. Anisakiasis may manifests with violent epi gastric pain, acute abdomen or eosinophilic gastroenteritis. The larvae may be visualized by endoscopy or histology. The main Anisakis allergens are not denaturated by heat or cold and resist to digestion. Allergy diagnosis relies on careful history and detection of specific IgE.
Topics: Animals; Anisakiasis; Anisakis; Fishes; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Larva; Mammals; Seafood
PubMed: 35385613
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2022.18.776.634 -
Allergologia Et Immunopathologia 2023Anisakids are nematodes responsible for different clinical patterns in humans. The well-known human-infecting Anisakis species include members of the (AS) complex.... (Review)
Review
Anisakids are nematodes responsible for different clinical patterns in humans. The well-known human-infecting Anisakis species include members of the (AS) complex. Humans usually contract anisakiasis through ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood containing Anisakis larvae. Once Anisakis has been ingested, patients may develop disease driven directly by Anisakis larvae and/or by allergic reaction due to this nematode. The capability of inducing allergic reactions depends on the expression of specific antigens by nematodes and host factors. This study aims to resume actual knowledge about AS and Anisakiasis with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Particular attention is paid to Anisakis allergens and their cross-reactivity on available diagnostic methods, and defining a diagnostic pathway for Anisakis allergy. Because only a few data are available in the literature about pediatric population, we focus on this group of patients specifically.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Hypersensitivity; Allergens; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 36617828
DOI: 10.15586/aei.v51i1.692 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jul 2020Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and...
BACKGROUND
Anisakis spp. are nematode parasites found in a wide range of marine organisms. Human beings may accidentally become infected, showing the symptoms of anisakiasis and allergic responses. There has been evidence of increased intestinal permeability in A. simplex-sensitized subjects and that specific IgE titres increase in some allergic patients when fishery products are re-introduced into their diet. The aims of this work were to study the effect of A. simplex crude extract on the intestinal integrity and permeability by using Caco-2 cell monolayer. To analyse the capacity of Ani s 4 allergen to cross the epithelial barrier.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Cellular bioenergetics, transepithelial electrical resistance, viability, permeability, reactive oxygen species generation and immunofluorescent staining of tight junction proteins were analysed. A. simplex crude extract compromises the Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity in a dose-dependent manner. This effect is detected at 1 hour of culture and integrity is recovered after 24 hours of culture. The epithelial barrier disruption is accompanied by an increase in paracellular permeability and reactive oxygen species production and by a delocalization of occludin and zonula occludens-1. Finally, Ani s 4, a thermostable and resistant to digestion allergen with cystatin activity, is able to cross the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 monolayer and reach a cumulative mean percentage of 22.7% of total concentration in the basolateral side after 24 hours of culture.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
Our results demonstrate that A. simplex induces an early and reversible alteration of integrity and permeability of Caco-2 cell monolayer and that an underlying mechanism of this effect would involve the oxidative stress and disruption of epithelial tight junctions. Additionally, it has been shown that Ani s 4 allergen is able to cross the epithelial barrier. These findings could explain the increased intestinal permeability observed in Anisakis-sensitized patients, the changes over time in IgE sensitization to A. simplex allergens, and the specific IgE persistence in Anisakis allergy.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Caco-2 Cells; Cell Survival; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Mitochondria; Occludin; Oxidative Stress; Oxygen Consumption; Protein Transport; Reactive Oxygen Species; Tissue Extracts; Zonula Occludens-1 Protein
PubMed: 32628665
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008462