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The Journal of Emergency Medicine 1987Severe, acute cyanide poisoning is uncommon and can be very difficult to diagnose if a history of exposure is unavailable. Victims of smoke inhalation may have... (Review)
Review
Severe, acute cyanide poisoning is uncommon and can be very difficult to diagnose if a history of exposure is unavailable. Victims of smoke inhalation may have significant cyanide poisoning as well as carbon monoxide toxicity. The Lilly Cyanide Antidote Kit currently available in America unfortunately has its own inherent toxicity. An efficacious antidote lacking toxicity is desirable, especially in cases where the diagnosis of cyanide poisoning cannot be made with certainty. Hydroxycobalamin/sodium thiosulfate has been used in France since 1970. Both components have been shown to be safe and efficacious in animal studies. Case reports of human cyanide poisoning treated with hydroxycobalamin/sodium thiosulfate have been published only in French. Animal and human data on the use of this antidotal combination are reviewed. Hydroxycobalamin/sodium thiosulfate is an efficacious cyanide antidote with little inherent toxicity.
Topics: Acute Disease; Antidotes; Cyanides; Drug Synergism; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Hydroxocobalamin; Thiosulfates
PubMed: 3295013
DOI: 10.1016/0736-4679(87)90074-6 -
Current Pharmaceutical Design 2022Snakebites have been declared a neglected health problem that is considered a national disease by the WHO (world health organisation). Asian countries like India have...
Snakebites have been declared a neglected health problem that is considered a national disease by the WHO (world health organisation). Asian countries like India have high snakebite death rates due to short antidotes and poorly equipped doctors. In today's scenario, local resources like herbs need to be used to prepare cheap antidotes and are often available to victims. Snake bites should be viewed as an emergency problem and require additional national guidelines, doctor training, expertise, and human concentration for effective and timely treatment-measures to be taken to ensure the availability and mass production of antidotes. Currently available, antidotes have problems with storage, manufacture, and aspects of the results. Attention should be paid to the natural compound Gedunin with antitoxic effects. To determine Gedunin's therapeutic efficacy, well-designed clinical research is required. This article emphasizes and proves the therapeutic effectiveness of the herbal plant active ingredient Gedunin against snakebites.
Topics: Antidotes; Antivenins; Asia; Humans; Snake Bites
PubMed: 35440297
DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220417134118 -
Drug and Chemical Toxicology May 2020Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe... (Review)
Review
Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe treatment for toxicities. (milk thistle), belongs to the Asteraceae family, possesses different effects such as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Several studies have demonstrated that this plant has protective properties against toxic agents. Herein, the protective effects of and its main component, silymarin, which is the mixture of flavonolignans including silibinin, silydianin and silychristin acts against different biological (mycotoxins, snake venoms, and bacterial toxins) and chemical (metals, fluoride, pesticides, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic agents) poisons have been summarized. This review reveals that main protective effects of milk thistle and its components are attributed to radical scavenging, anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulating the inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Apoptosis; Chelating Agents; Free Radical Scavengers; Humans; Silybum marianum; Plant Extracts; Protective Agents
PubMed: 30033764
DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1485687 -
ACS Chemical Neuroscience Aug 2021Organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents, are very potent neurotoxicants. Given that the actual...
Organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents, are very potent neurotoxicants. Given that the actual treatment has several limitations, the present study provides a general method, called the zebrafish-OP-antidote test (ZOAT), and basic scientific data, to identify new antidotes that are more effective than the reference pyridinium oximes after acute OP poisoning. The reactivation capacity of a chemical compound can be measured using and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) assays. We demonstrated that it is possible to differentiate between chemical compound protective efficacies in the central and peripheral nervous system via the visual motor response and electric field pulse motor response tests, respectively. Moreover, the ability to cross the brain-blood barrier can be estimated in a physiological context by combining an AChE assay on the head and trunk-tail fractions and the cellular and tissue localization of AChE activity in the whole-mount animal. ZOAT is an innovative method suitable for the screening and rapid identification of chemicals and mixtures used as antidote for OP poisoning. The method will make it easier to identify more effective medical countermeasures for chemical threat agents, including combinatorial therapies.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Animals; Antidotes; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Larva; Organophosphate Poisoning; Oximes; Zebrafish
PubMed: 34284583
DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00251 -
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology Sep 2022Hydrogen sulfide (HS) induces acute and lethal toxicity at high concentrations. However, no specific antidotes for HS poisoning have been approved. Liposomal...
Hydrogen sulfide (HS) induces acute and lethal toxicity at high concentrations. However, no specific antidotes for HS poisoning have been approved. Liposomal methemoglobin (metHb@Lipo) was developed as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. As the toxic mechanism of HS poisoning is the same as that of cyanide poisoning, metHb@Lipo could potentially be used as an antidote for HS poisoning. In this study, we evaluated the antidotal efficacy of metHb@Lipo against HS poisoning. Stopped-flow rapid-scan spectrophotometry clearly showed that metHb@Lipo scavenged HS rapidly. Additionally, metHb@Lipo showed cytoprotective effects against HS exposure in H9c2 cells by maintaining mitochondrial function. MetHb@Lipo treatment also improved the survival rate after HS exposure in vivo, with the maintenance of cytochrome c oxidase activity and suppression of metabolic acidosis. Moreover, metHb@Lipo therapy maintained significant antidotal efficacy even after 1-year-storage at 4-37 °C. In conclusion, metHb@Lipo is a candidate antidote for HS poisoning.
Topics: Antidotes; Cyanides; Humans; Hydrogen Sulfide; Methemoglobin; Poisoning
PubMed: 35803436
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116159 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2014
Topics: Aniline Compounds; Animals; Antidotes; Poisoning; Rodenticides
PubMed: 24381335
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Therapeutics 2003Fomepizole (Antizol) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of methanol poisoning. By inhibiting the hepatic enzyme alcohol... (Review)
Review
Fomepizole (Antizol) was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of methanol poisoning. By inhibiting the hepatic enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, it presents formation of toxic metabolites with far fewer consequences than traditional ethanol therapy. It appears that fomepizole will become standard therapy for methanol intoxication as it is for ethylene glycol poisoning.
Topics: Alcohol Dehydrogenase; Antidotes; Fomepizole; Humans; Methanol; Pyrazoles; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 12522524
DOI: 10.1097/00045391-200301000-00015 -
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Aug 2012Aptamers, or nucleic acid ligands, have gained clinical interest over the past 20 years due to their unique characteristics, which are a combination of the best facets... (Review)
Review
Aptamers, or nucleic acid ligands, have gained clinical interest over the past 20 years due to their unique characteristics, which are a combination of the best facets of small molecules and antibodies. The high binding affinity and specificity of aptamers allows for isolation of an artificial ligand for theoretically any therapeutic target of interest. Chemical manipulations of aptamers also allow for fine-tuning of their bioavailability, and antidote control greatly expands their clinical use. Here we review the various methods of antidote control of aptamer therapeutics--matched oligonucleotide antidotes and universal antidotes. We also describe the development, recent progress, and potential future therapeutic applications of these types of aptamer-antidote pairs.
Topics: Animals; Anticoagulants; Antidotes; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Drug Delivery Systems; Drug Design; Humans; Ligands; Models, Molecular; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Protein Binding; Protein Conformation; SELEX Aptamer Technique
PubMed: 22352726
DOI: 10.2174/138920112802273137 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Aug 2020Garlic (Allium sativum, Liliaceae) is used widely as a spice and medicinal herb not only in its native region (Central Asia and northeastern Iran) but also all around... (Review)
Review
Garlic (Allium sativum, Liliaceae) is used widely as a spice and medicinal herb not only in its native region (Central Asia and northeastern Iran) but also all around the world. Garlic has abundance chemical compounds such as allicin, alliin, S-allyl cysteines, thiacremonone, diallyl-disulfide, diallylsulfide, and others. This medicinal plant and its constituents offer a lot of benefits including free-radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anticholesterolemic, anti-gastric ulcer, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Garlic also modulates the activity of several metabolizing enzymes. This review summarizes various in vitro and animal studies on the protective effects of garlic against natural and chemical toxicities. It has been shown that garlic and its major components can ameliorate the toxicity of different agents in brain, kidney, blood, liver, embryo, spleen, pancreas, heart, reproductive system in part through radical scavenging, antioxidant effect, reducing lipid peroxidation, anti-inflammatory, chelating agent, cytoprotective activities, increase protein synthesis in damaged tissues, suppressing apoptosis, modulation of p53, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, antioxidant responsive element, p38 MAPK, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, cytosolic phospholipases A2, cleaved-caspase-9, cleaved-caspase-3 Bcl-2, Bcl-2-associated X, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, NF-jB, nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathways and cytochrome P450 enzymes. With controlled clinical trials, garlic may be introduced as a universal antidote or protective plant against many toxic agents.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Antioxidants; Garlic; Humans; Rats
PubMed: 32068926
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6645 -
Pediatric Emergency Care Sep 2021
Topics: Antidotes; Humans; Methemoglobinemia; Methylene Blue
PubMed: 34463663
DOI: 10.1097/01.pec.0000792700.66867.30