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Journal of Cancer Research and... 2017This paper comes with a purpose to help the clinician as how to arrive at a logical differential diagnosis when an upper lip mass is encountered in day-to-day practice.... (Review)
Review
This paper comes with a purpose to help the clinician as how to arrive at a logical differential diagnosis when an upper lip mass is encountered in day-to-day practice. The labial mucosa is commonly traumatized. One must be aware of the type of structures contained in the mucosa of the area of a lesion as well as the patients habits since they may relate to a lesion presented for diagnosis. It also helps them to procure a sound knowledge of the lesions by describing the lesions according to their clinical appearance and to aid the clinician in arriving at a differential diagnosis by considering that certain lesions have a predilection for the upper lip. All clinically similar appearing lesions are discussed according to their relative frequency of occurrence. This paper covers only a minority of plethora of elevated lesions that may appear on the upper lip since almost any soft tissue lesion or neoplasm (benign and malignant) may occur here.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Lip Neoplasms; Salivary Calculi; Salivary Gland Neoplasms
PubMed: 28643729
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.204890 -
International Journal of Cardiology Jul 2016In human history, certain mathematical figures or concepts had gained a significant reputation largely due to their occult and esoteric meanings. Among these, Golden... (Review)
Review
In human history, certain mathematical figures or concepts had gained a significant reputation largely due to their occult and esoteric meanings. Among these, Golden Ratio and associated concepts, namely golden proportions, had elicited a tremendous breakthrough in our human awareness and perception regarding mundane and spiritual aspects of physical existence. Golden Ratio or Number (with a numerical value of 1.618) that is also referred to as the Greek letter Phi (φ), has been universally expressed on a line partitioned into two unequal lengths (L, the longer and S, the shorter) in such a manner that L/S=(L+S)/L. Besides, appearing in certain number sequences (Fibonacci Series, etc.), golden proportions, to the consternation of observers, appear to be strikingly prevalent across all levels of physical existence from the innermost structures to the colossal galaxies of the universe potentially labeling these concepts as the measures of divine aesthetics. Accordingly, the human body also serves as an epitome of these mysterious concepts as exemplified by its outward appearance including general stature and extremities along with a variety of inner organ systems. Based on preliminary studies, the human cardiovascular system might also be suggested to serve as a major predilection site of divine aesthetics as measured with Golden Ratio and its allies. This appears to be completely in line with the ancient knowledge associating the human heart with the esoteric and spiritual components of human nature including human soul. Within this context, the present paper primarily aims to discuss human manifestations of divine aesthetics as measured with 'Golden Ratio' and associated indices with a particular and detailed emphasis on their potential link with the human cardiovascular system.
Topics: Esthetics; Heart; Humans; Mathematics; Models, Cardiovascular
PubMed: 27060268
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.03.166 -
Radiology Jan 1999To describe the spectrum of ultrasonographic (US) appearances of intraluminal gas, including two clinically relevant gas artifacts.
PURPOSE
To describe the spectrum of ultrasonographic (US) appearances of intraluminal gas, including two clinically relevant gas artifacts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Observations were made in patients and reproduced in an animal model, an ex vivo gut preparation, and a tissue-mimicking phantom. Appearances were classified according to a physical model of the interaction between sound and collections of gas.
RESULTS
Free bubbles of gas appeared as bright echogenic foci extending artifactually owing to lateral and axial blooming. This causes bubbles that abut the gut wall to enhance the layer one echo, which corresponds to the interface between the mucosa and the luminal contents. Such bubbles can also falsely appear to be within the gut wall itself owing to elevation averaging and thereby cause the artifact pseudo-pneumatosis intestinalis. Isolated groups of small bubbles created a characteristic periodicity and tapering of the distal echo pattern. In the extreme case, in which many such echoes are superimposed, "dirty shadowing" occurs. A contiguous pocket of gas may cause the gut wall to appear artifactually thickened (i.e., pseudo-thickened gut). This was shown to be a form of mirror image artifact.
CONCLUSION
Classification of the effects of gas on US images according to their physical characteristics may aid in their interpretation. Appreciating two previously undescribed artifacts, pseudo-pneumatosis intestinalis and pseudo-thickened gut, will improve the usefulness of abdominal US.
Topics: Abdomen; Animals; Artifacts; Digestive System; Gases; Humans; In Vitro Techniques; Phantoms, Imaging; Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis; Swine; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 9885596
DOI: 10.1148/radiology.210.1.r99ja12113 -
Endocrinology Sep 2013Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. Rodent studies indicated that BAT thermogenic activity may protect against obesity.... (Review)
Review
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a major site of nonshivering thermogenesis in mammals. Rodent studies indicated that BAT thermogenic activity may protect against obesity. Recent findings using novel radiodiagnosis procedures revealed unanticipated high activity of BAT in adult humans. Moreover, complex processes of cell differentiation leading to the appearance of active brown adipocytes have been recently identified. The brown adipocytes clustered in defined anatomical BAT depots of rodents arise from mesenchymal precursor cells common to the myogenic cell lineage. They are being called "classical" or "developmentally programmed" brown adipocytes. However, brown adipocytes may appear after thermogenic stimuli at anatomical sites corresponding to white adipose tissue (WAT). This process is called the "browning" of WAT. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT derive from precursor cells different from those in classical BAT and are closer to the white adipocyte cell lineage. The brown adipocytes appearing in WAT are often called "inducible, beige, or brite." The appearance of these inducible brown adipocytes in WAT may also involve transdifferentiation processes of white-to-brown adipose cells. There is no evidence that the ultimate thermogenic function of the beige/brite adipocytes differs from that of classical brown adipocytes, although some genetic data in rodents suggest a relevant role of the browning process in protection against obesity. Although the activation of classical BAT and the browning process share common mechanisms of induction (eg, noradrenergic-mediated induction by cold), multiple novel adrenergic-independent endocrine factors that activate BAT and the browning of WAT have been identified recently. In adult humans, BAT is mainly composed of beige/brite adipocytes, although recent data indicate the persistence of classical BAT at some anatomical sites. Understanding the biological processes controlling brown adipocyte activity and differentiation could help the design of BAT-focused strategies to increase energy expenditure and fight against obesity.
Topics: Adipocytes, Brown; Adipocytes, White; Adipogenesis; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Humans; Obesity; Thermogenesis
PubMed: 23782940
DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1403 -
Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 1998The purpose of this study was to describe the CT appearances of sclerosing peritonitis (SP) in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to compare... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to describe the CT appearances of sclerosing peritonitis (SP) in patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to compare these findings with the CT appearances in a control group of CAPD patients who did not develop SP.
METHOD
The CT findings in 10 patients with SP were compared with those from a "control group" of 71 patients without SP who were on long-term CAPD and had also undergone at least one CT examination. Particular reference on CT examination was made to the appearance of the peritoneum and small bowel and the presence or absence of loculated fluid collections.
RESULTS
Peritoneal abnormalities (calcification/thickening) were noted in 100%, loculated fluid collections in 90%, and small bowel abnormalities (tethering/dilatation) in 60% of the patients with SP. In the control group of patients, peritoneal abnormalities were noted in only 7%, loculated fluid collections in 15%, and small bowel dilatation in 5.7%.
CONCLUSION
Peritoneal thickening, peritoneal calcification, loculated fluid collections, and tethering of the small bowel appear to be diagnostic of SP. In a small group of patients with follow-up CT scans, new, or progression of, CT findings correlated with the clinical severity of SP.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Contrast Media; Female; Humans; Iohexol; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Male; Middle Aged; Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Sclerosis; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 9530397
DOI: 10.1097/00004728-199803000-00025 -
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU Sep 1998We describe the variable sonographic appearances of fibromatosis colli, a disease that presents as a mass-like enlargement of the sternocleidomastoid muscle during the...
PURPOSE
We describe the variable sonographic appearances of fibromatosis colli, a disease that presents as a mass-like enlargement of the sternocleidomastoid muscle during the first 8 weeks of life.
METHODS
Sonograms and records of 12 infants who presented with a sternocleidomastoid mass or torticollis before they were 12 weeks old were retrospectively reviewed for sonographic features (presence of a mass, diffuse muscle enlargement, and echogenicity), medical history, and follow-up data.
RESULTS
Sonographically, 6 infants had only a mass in the sternocleidomastoid muscle, 2 had a mass with fusiform muscle enlargement, and 4 had only muscle enlargement. Five masses were hyperechoic, and 1 mass was of mixed echogenicity. The 2 masses associated with muscle enlargement were hypoechoic. Three cases of diffuse muscle enlargement were of mixed echogenicity, and 1 was hypoechoic. Unusual variations included (1) a mass split longitudinally into 2 components and (2) a diffusely enlarged muscle with a striated pattern of mixed echogenicity. Follow-up in 10 patients at 4 months and in 7 patients at 6 months showed clinical improvement.
CONCLUSION
Fibromatosis colli usually appears sonographically as a hyperechoic mass or diffuse sternocleidomastoid enlargement of mixed echogenicity. Variations in its appearance should not prevent the correct diagnosis as long as the abnormality is intramuscular and adjacent soft tissues are normal.
Topics: Fibroma; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Muscle Neoplasms; Neck Muscles; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 9719983
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0096(199809)26:7<345::aid-jcu3>3.0.co;2-9 -
Journal of Anatomy Sep 2020The cranial ossification sequence in Pleurodeles waltl is widely used in phylogenetic analyses of amphibian origin and evolution. However, the patterns published to date...
Skull development in the Iberian newt, Pleurodeles waltl (Salamandridae: Caudata: Amphibia): timing, sequence, variations, and thyroid hormone mediation of bone appearance.
The cranial ossification sequence in Pleurodeles waltl is widely used in phylogenetic analyses of amphibian origin and evolution. However, the patterns published to date are far from completely resolved and contain certain discrepancies. Based on a large sample of P. waltl specimens ranging from early post-hatching larvae to post-metamorphic newts, we determined the most common cranial ossification sequence and revealed its intraspecific variations. Since thyroid hormones (THs) are involved in the mediation of skull development in salamanders, we studied the role of THs in the cranial development of P. waltl. The normal sequence and timing of bone appearance were compared with those in larvae reared under conditions of high (in 1 and 2 ng mL triiodothyronine) and low [in 0.02% thiourea (TU), which inhibits thyroid gland activity] TH levels. Metamorphosis was greatly accelerated in the TH-treated larvae and was arrested in the TU-treated larvae, which retained the larval pattern of the palate and rudimentary external gills even after 2 years of the experiment. Early-appearing bones (the coronoid, vomer, palatine, dentary, squamosal, premaxilla, parasphenoid, pterygoid, prearticular, vomer, frontal, parietal, exoccipital, in this order) arise at the same stages and ages, and follow the same ossification sequence under different TH levels. The timing of the appearance of bones normally arising in the late larval and metamorphic periods (the quadratojugal, orbitosphenoid, prootic, maxilla, nasal, os thyroideum, prefrontal, quadrate, in this order) changes depending on the TH level. The maxilla and nasal display the most pronounced reaction to changes in the TH level: they appear precociously in TH-treated animals, while their appearance is postponed and they remain rudimentary in TU-treated animals. Because of different responses to THs, the order in which late-arising bones appear changes depending on the TH level. Although bones appearing early in larval ontogeny (e.g. the premaxilla, vomer, squamosal, palatine) display no TH-induced reaction when they start to develop, their further differentiation shows dependence on THs, and these bones become TH-inducible closer to metamorphosis. These findings indicate that TH involvement in the mediation of cranial development changes from minimal (if at all) in its early stages to maximal during metamorphosis. It is likely that the appearance of bones early in development is mediated by factors other than THs. Their further development is accompanied by changes in the mechanisms mediating their morphological differentiation. That is, likely non-hormonal mediation becomes replaced or/and complemented by hormonal mediation. The constituent parts of the same bone may exhibit differences in their reactions to changes in TH levels. Although in normal development, the overall cranial ossification sequence is constant, there was variation in the order in which late-appearing bones was recorded. These observations suggest that this variation results from individual variability in the internal TH level. Comparison with other salamanders suggests that (a) the pattern of TH mediation described in P. waltl is common for cranial development of metamorphosing urodeles and (b) the same bone may differ in its TH dependence in different salamanders, e.g. there are interspecific variations in the degree of TH dependence of individual cranial bones.
Topics: Animals; Larva; Metamorphosis, Biological; Osteogenesis; Phylogeny; Salamandridae; Skull; Thiourea; Triiodothyronine
PubMed: 32412118
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13210 -
Australian Veterinary Journal May 2016The aims of this retrospective study were to identify clinical cases of dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) in which hepatic metastasis was confirmed, to highlight...
OBJECTIVES
The aims of this retrospective study were to identify clinical cases of dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (OSA) in which hepatic metastasis was confirmed, to highlight the use of cytology for its diagnosis and to describe the radiographic and ultrasonographic appearances of the lesion.
METHODS
Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for dogs with appendicular OSA and hepatic metastases between January 2005 and January 2013. Reviews of radiographs, ultrasounds and cytology were performed.
RESULTS
Six dogs with appendicular OSA and hepatic metastases were identified. The ultrasonographic appearance of metastatic lesions varied, including hyperechoic with shadowing, hyperechoic without shadowing, hypoechoic and mixed echogenicity. In two cases, the hepatic metastases were also evident on thoracic radiographs. The mean survival time from diagnosis of appendicular OSA was 188 days (range 69-363 days) and from diagnosis of hepatic metastases was 35 days (range 2-69 days). Death was tumour-related in all cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Hepatic metastasis varies widely in its ultrasonographic appearance. In three of six cases, hepatic metastasis was identified without concurrent pulmonary metastasis; therefore, abdominal ultrasound may be useful at regular intervals for patient evaluation, especially in clinical trials where accurate identification of the disease-free interval is crucial. Once hepatic metastasis is confirmed, survival times appear limited.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Liver Neoplasms; Male; Osteosarcoma; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27113987
DOI: 10.1111/avj.12435 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2002Sonohysterography has become the standard test in the evaluation of dysfunctional uterine and postmenopausal bleeding because it allows reliable differentiation between... (Review)
Review
Sonohysterography has become the standard test in the evaluation of dysfunctional uterine and postmenopausal bleeding because it allows reliable differentiation between focal and diffuse endometrial and subendometrial lesions, with the most common being polyps and submucosal fibroids. An endometrial polyp usually appears as a well-defined, homogeneous, polypoid lesion that is isoechoic to the endometrium with preservation of the endometrial-myometrial interface. Atypical polyps have cystic components, multiplicity, a broad base, and hypoechogenicity or heterogeneity. Submucosal fibroids are usually broad-based, hypoechoic, well-defined, solid masses with shadowing and an overlying layer of echogenic endometrium that distorts the endometrial-myometrial interface. Atypical fibroids are pedunculated or have a multilobulated surface. The major advantage of sonohysterography is that it can accurately depict the percentage of the fibroid that projects into the endometrial cavity. Endometrial hyperplasia usually appears as diffuse thickening of the echogenic endometrial stripe without focal abnormality, but occasionally focal hyperplasia can be seen. Endometrial cancer is typically a diffuse process, but early cases can appear as a polypoid mass. Adhesions usually appear as mobile, thin, echogenic bands that bridge a normally distensible endometrial cavity, but occasionally thick, broad-based bands or complete obliteration of the endometrial cavity is seen. Although endometrial lesions have characteristic features, a wide range of appearances is possible, with significant overlap between entities. Radiologists should be familiar with the broad spectrum of findings that may be seen at sonohysterography in both benign and malignant processes to raise the appropriate level of concern and to direct the clinician toward the appropriate means of diagnostic biopsy or surgery.
Topics: Algorithms; Endometrium; Female; Humans; Ultrasonography; Uterine Diseases
PubMed: 12110711
DOI: 10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl21803