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Arytenoid appearance and vertical level difference between the paralyzed and innervated vocal cords.The Laryngoscope Feb 2001In unilateral vocal fold paralysis, it has been generally accepted that the paralyzed vocal fold presents at a higher level than a normally innervated vocal fold. In...
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS
In unilateral vocal fold paralysis, it has been generally accepted that the paralyzed vocal fold presents at a higher level than a normally innervated vocal fold. In this study, we correlate the appearances of the paralyzed arytenoid and the differences in level between the paralyzed and innervated vocal folds.
STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective review using video-recorded images of larynx.
METHODS
A total of 38 patients were selected for this study who reported symptoms of voice change attributable to a paralyzed vocal fold unilaterally. Video recordings were obtained using the laryngeal telescope. The heights were assessed according to the paralyzed positions, status (inspiration or phonation), and appearances of the paralyzed arytenoid. The appearances of paralyzed arytenoid were further clarified as the portions of the medial surface of the arytenoid that were visualized.
RESULTS
In medial paralysis, the paralyzed vocal fold appeared mainly as being at an equal vertical level or as having no distinct difference from normal vocal fold during phonation. However, a few cases of medial paralysis showed a lower than normal or higher than normal vocal fold during phonation, depending on the appearance of the paralyzed arytenoid. In lateral paralysis, most of the paralyzed vocal folds were not higher than the innervated vocal folds during phonation.
CONCLUSIONS
The heights of paralyzed vocal folds were variable depending on the paralyzed positions, the status of the larynx, and appearances of the paralyzed arytenoid. The fact that the paralyzed vocal fold is at a higher level than the normal vocal fold should be reconsidered.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Arytenoid Cartilage; Female; Functional Laterality; Humans; Laryngoscopes; Male; Middle Aged; Phonation; Reference Values; Retrospective Studies; Video Recording; Vocal Cord Paralysis; Vocal Cords
PubMed: 11210865
DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200102000-00007 -
Journal of Vision Jul 2017We performed a theoretical analysis based on our optimal color hypothesis to explain why "#TheDress" image had a different color appearance for different observers...
We performed a theoretical analysis based on our optimal color hypothesis to explain why "#TheDress" image had a different color appearance for different observers (observer-dependent perception). We then carried out an experiment to test the hypothesis derived from the aforementioned theoretical analysis. In the optimal color hypothesis, the visual system picks the optimal color distribution that provides the best fit to the luminance distribution at a scene. The peak of the best-fit optimal color distribution corresponds with the illuminant's color temperature. In the theoretical analysis, we found that as the luminance level was increased the best-fit optimal color temperature changes abruptly from high to low at a specific luminance-level. Under the dark-blue (low luminance and high color temperature) illuminant the dress should appear white/gold whereas under the bright-white (high luminance and low color temperature) illuminant the dress should appear blue/black. The observer-dependent appearances of the dress may be explained by this luminance-dependent illuminant prediction. In the experiment, we used the original dress, a chromatically inverted dress, and an achromatic dress as stimuli. The observer adjusted chromaticity and luminance of a test field drawn onto the dress image so that it appeared as a full-white surface. We found that the white/gold group estimated the illuminant to be darker and bluish and the blue/black group estimated it to be brighter and yellowish. The observer's estimated illuminant was consistent with the predicted illuminant by the optimal color theory. It was newly discovered that even when the dress was achromatic, these two groups estimated the illuminant to be darker or brighter in the same way as for the original dress.
Topics: Clothing; Color Perception; Humans; Individuality; Lighting; Models, Theoretical; Philosophy; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells
PubMed: 28753686
DOI: 10.1167/17.8.10 -
Medicine Jan 1998Pulmonary nodules present a diagnostic dilemma in liver transplant recipients because of the broad differential diagnosis involved. Eleven of 155 (7.1%) liver transplant... (Review)
Review
Pulmonary nodules present a diagnostic dilemma in liver transplant recipients because of the broad differential diagnosis involved. Eleven of 155 (7.1%) liver transplant recipients at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, developed pulmonary nodules. The underlying etiology included aspergillosis (3 cases), cryptococcosis (2), metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (1), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (1), Staphylococcus aureus (1), squamous cell carcinoma (1), adenocarcinoma of unknown primary site (1), and undifferentiated carcinoma (1). A review of the literature revealed 22 other liver transplant recipients with pulmonary nodules. There appears to be a definite relationship between time since transplantation and etiology of the nodule. Aspergillosis and bacterial infections appear early (within the first month), whereas nocardiosis, coccidiomycosis, tuberculosis, and cryptococcosis occur from 3 to 24 months posttransplantation. Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma is a relatively common cause of pulmonary nodule and appears from 2 months to 2 years posttransplantation. Detection of skin lesions (indicating nocardiosis or cryptococcosis) and positive serologic tests may further narrow the diagnosis. However, radiographic appearances of nodules of differing etiology are relatively nonspecific, necessitating biopsy in virtually all cases.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Humans; Liver Transplantation; Lung Diseases; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 9465863
DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199801000-00005 -
Archivos de Neurobiologia 1989The AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is the SNC complaint that appears most frequently in AIDS patients. ADC is characterized by a subacute onset of dementia accompanied by... (Review)
Review
The AIDS dementia complex (ADC) is the SNC complaint that appears most frequently in AIDS patients. ADC is characterized by a subacute onset of dementia accompanied by motor disturbance and changes in behaviour and is considered to be directly caused by HIV-1. Very frequent in advanced stages of AIDS, it can also be the way in which the illness appears. In 90% of the necropsies of these patients a diffuse demyelination of the white substance is observed with multinucleate cells appearing in 40% of the cases. Up to now, the factors triggering this disease are not well understood, nevertheless, the immunosuppression present in these individuals could act as a factor favouring the appearance of ADC. A specific marker does not exist and, therefore, the complementary studies can only help to eliminate other causes of neurological complaints. Successful tests of treatment with zidovudine have been made, although it would be necessary to carry out studies with a larger number of patients to be able to evaluate its long-term efficacity.
Topics: AIDS Dementia Complex; Humans
PubMed: 2700297
DOI: No ID Found -
Different phenotypes of the appearance of the outer plexiform layer on optical coherence tomography.Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Oct 2013To present a selected case series of different phenotypes of the normal outer plexiform layer (OPL) visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT).
PURPOSE
To present a selected case series of different phenotypes of the normal outer plexiform layer (OPL) visualized by optical coherence tomography (OCT).
METHODS
Five cases were selected to represent the spectrum of appearances of the OPL in this case series. Categorical descriptions of each manifestation were then developed. Additional SD-OCT scans were obtained from a normal volunteer to further support the hypothesis.
RESULTS
The inner one-third of the OPL typically appears hyperreflective on OCT, while the outer two-thirds (Henle fiber layer) may have a more varied appearance. Six different phenotypes of Henle fiber layer reflectivity were noted in this series, and classified as: bright, columnar, dentate, delimited, indistinct, and dark. The brightness of the Henle fiber layer appears to depend on the geometric angle between the OCT light beam and the axonal fibers in this portion of the OPL. This angle appears to be a function of the natural orientation of the Henle fiber layer tissue (θN), the existence of subretinal pathology that alters the angle of the neurosensory retina (θ(P)), and the tilt angle of the tissue on the B-scan (θ(T)) due to decentered OCT acquisition.
CONCLUSIONS
Since accurate interpretation of the OPL/ONL boundary is of vital importance to study the thickness of ONL, location of cystoid lesions, hyperreflective crescents over drusen, et al., our case series may aid better understanding of the OPL appearance in SD-OCT. In the absence of clear delineation, it may be most correct to refer to indistinct OPL and ONL together as the photoreceptor nuclear axonal complex (PNAC).
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Axons; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate; Retinal Bipolar Cells; Retinal Degeneration; Retinal Horizontal Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence; Young Adult
PubMed: 23661097
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-013-2308-5 -
La Tunisie Medicale Feb 2019It is a rare synovium pseudotumor that mainly concerns the male adult, of unknown etiology, espe-cially observed in the knee, especially in the suprapatellar recess. The...
It is a rare synovium pseudotumor that mainly concerns the male adult, of unknown etiology, espe-cially observed in the knee, especially in the suprapatellar recess. The arboreal lipoma consists of hypertrophic synovial villi and contains fat in very large quantities, so that the mass has a lipoma-tous appearance. The diagnosis is based on an MRI that shows hypertrophy of synovial villi appear-ing as a fatty signal on all sequences. However the diagnosis is established after synovial biopsy.
Topics: Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Knee Joint; Lipoma; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Rare Diseases; Soft Tissue Neoplasms; Synovial Membrane; Young Adult
PubMed: 31539087
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Ultrasound : JCU Oct 1977A patient who had been jaundice for more than four months was examined with diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound examination revealed that the patient had a solid-appearing...
A patient who had been jaundice for more than four months was examined with diagnostic ultrasound. Ultrasound examination revealed that the patient had a solid-appearing mass in the region of the gall bladder, in addition to findings diagnostic of obstructive jaundice. A probable mass was also noted in the head of the pancreas. The clinical data and representative echographic pictures are presented to emphasize the point that sludge within the gall bladder is echogenic and appears more solid than cystic on a standard echographic examination.
Topics: Aged; Cholestasis; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Male; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 410841
DOI: 10.1002/jcu.1870050512 -
Perception & Psychophysics Nov 2006When attention is diffuse, as in a visual search task, an abrupt onset almost invariably succeeds in capturing attention. But if attention had been cued in advance to a...
When attention is diffuse, as in a visual search task, an abrupt onset almost invariably succeeds in capturing attention. But if attention had been cued in advance to a different location, the same onset may then fail to capture attention (Theeuwes, 1991; Yantis and Jonides, 1990). In previous demonstrations, the onset appeared frequently. This may have diminished the onset's novelty, which in turn could have affected its potency in capturing attention. The question we asked was whether preserving the onset's novelty could enhance its capacity in capturing attention, even when attention had been prioritized elsewhere. As in Theeuwes's (1991) study, observers were cued to the target location with a 100%-predictive central arrow cue. The frequency with which visual transients were introduced was varied across experiments. When the onset stimulus appeared frequently (Experiment 1), it indeed failed to capture attention. But when its appearance was relatively infrequent (Experiment 2), capture effects were clearly observed. In Experiment 3, the target appeared in one location throughout the experiment. This would have improved target localization, but an infrequently appearing onset stimulus still successfully captured attention.
Topics: Attention; Humans; Reaction Time; Visual Perception
PubMed: 17378415
DOI: 10.3758/bf03193728 -
Journal of Neurophysiology Sep 2023When visual distractors are presented far from the goal of an impending voluntary saccadic eye movement, saccade execution will occur less frequently about 90 ms after...
When visual distractors are presented far from the goal of an impending voluntary saccadic eye movement, saccade execution will occur less frequently about 90 ms after distractor appearance, a phenomenon known as saccadic inhibition. However, it is also known that neural responses in visual and visuomotor areas of the brain will be attenuated if a visual stimulus appears several times in the same location in rapid succession. In particular, such visual adaptation can affect neurons in the mammalian superior colliculus (SC). As the SC is known to be intimately involved in the production of saccadic eye movements, and thus perhaps in saccadic inhibition, we used a memory-guided saccade task to test whether saccadic inhibition in humans would diminish if a distractor appeared several times in quick succession. We found that distractor repetition reduced saccadic inhibition considerably when distractors appeared opposite in space to the goal of the impending saccade. In addition, when three distractors appeared in quick succession but in different, spatially disparate locations, with only the final distractor appearing opposite the saccade goal, saccadic inhibition was reduced by an intermediate level, suggesting that its reduction due to distractor inhibition spatially generalizes. This suggests that distractor suppression can help reduce the impact that suddenly appearing visual stimuli have on purposive eye movement behavior. This work combines approaches studying saccadic inhibition and visual adaptation to demonstrate that saccadic inhibition is largely eliminated with stimulus repetition. This is likely to be the largest demonstrated effect of visual stimulus context on saccadic inhibition. It also provides evidence for the existence of a mechanism that acts to suppress the effect of frequently appearing visual stimuli on purposive eye movement behavior in dynamic visual environments.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Saccades; Photic Stimulation; Eye Movements; Reaction Time; Inhibition, Psychological; Mammals
PubMed: 37465890
DOI: 10.1152/jn.00044.2023 -
Surgery For Obesity and Related... 2009Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with morbid obesity. Liver biopsy is the reference standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It is...
BACKGROUND
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with morbid obesity. Liver biopsy is the reference standard for the diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It is unclear whether the macroscopic liver appearance correlates with the histopathologic findings. Our objective was to determine the relationship between the intraoperative liver appearance and the histopathologic findings during laparoscopic bariatric surgery at a tertiary medical center.
METHODS
Data were prospectively collected from 108 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery with routine intraoperative liver biopsy. An intraoperative liver visual score was recorded according to the size, tan-speckling, and contour. The liver histologic findings were categorized into 3 groups: (1) normal; (2) bland steatosis; and (3) nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The liver visual score was compared with the liver histologic findings. A recorded video of the liver was regraded at a later date to determine observer agreement.
RESULTS
The prevalence of NASH was 23% (n = 25). Of the 108 patients, 48% with NASH had normal-appearing livers and accounted for 24% (n = 12) of the 50 normal-appearing livers. A similar proportion of NASH cases was found in all 3 visual categories. Furthermore, no relationship was found between the number of abnormal visual cues and the liver histologic findings (P = .23). No complications were directly attributable to liver biopsy. The kappa values for intraobserver and interobserver agreement ranged from fair to almost perfect.
CONCLUSION
NASH is common in the morbidly obese population. There does not appear to be a relationship between liver appearance and the histopathologic findings. Intraoperative liver biopsy is a safe and accurate method of diagnosing liver disease and should be considered in all morbidly obese patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Chi-Square Distribution; Fatty Liver; Humans; Laparoscopy; Obesity, Morbid; Patient Selection; Prevalence; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Statistics, Nonparametric; Treatment Outcome; Video Recording
PubMed: 19356994
DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2008.12.008