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Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2019The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades.... (Review)
Review
The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Lineage; Humans; Joints; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 30902250
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.002 -
Skeletal Radiology Jun 2022Hibernomas are rare lipomatous tumors composed of brown adipocytes. The relative paucity of reported cases involving the bones accounts for the poor understanding of...
Hibernomas are rare lipomatous tumors composed of brown adipocytes. The relative paucity of reported cases involving the bones accounts for the poor understanding of this entity, which is known to affect almost exclusively the axial skeleton. We present a case of intraosseous hibernoma of the humerus, which was found incidentally in a 52-year-old woman and initially misinterpreted as a cartilaginous tumor on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The lesion was unchanged in size and morphology at short interval follow-up but increased in size during follow-up over 6 years with an 11 mm increase in the largest diameter. Given the patient's concerns and lesion growth, curettage was performed. Pathology analysis revealed brown fat in keeping with the diagnosis of intraosseous hibernoma. Radiological and pathological findings and pitfalls are herein highlighted to enforce knowledge on this lesion rarely affecting the long bones. Radiologists should think of intraosseous hibernoma if they come across a sclerotic lesion on X-ray or computed tomography, which contains macroscopic fat and shows enhancement on contrast-enhanced MRI. In addition, an intraosseous hibernoma may be picked up incidentally on positron emission tomography-computed tomography due to high fluorodeoxyglucose avidity.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Humerus; Lipoma; Middle Aged
PubMed: 34779887
DOI: 10.1007/s00256-021-03956-9 -
PloS One 2022Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain,...
Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain, paralysis, and significant health care costs. This predilection for cancer to metastasize to the bone is seen across most cancer histologies, with the greatest incidence seen in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The molecular process involved in this predilection for axial versus appendicular skeleton is not fully understood, although it is likely that a combination of tumor and local micro-environmental factors plays a role. Immune cells are an important constituent of the bone marrow microenvironment and many of these cells have been shown to play a significant role in tumor growth and progression in soft tissue and bone disease. With this in mind, we sought to examine the differences in immune landscape between axial and appendicular bones in the normal noncancerous setting in order to obtain an understanding of these landscapes. To accomplish this, we utilized mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) to examine differences in the immune cell landscapes between the long bone and vertebral body bone marrow from patient clinical samples and C57BL/6J mice. We demonstrate significant differences between immune populations in both murine and human marrow with a predominance of myeloid progenitor cells in the spine. Additionally, cytokine analysis revealed differences in concentrations favoring a more myeloid enriched population of cells in the vertebral body bone marrow. These differences could have clinical implications with respect to the distribution and permissive growth of bone metastases.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Spine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35476843
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267642 -
Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Jun 2022The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs...
BACKGROUND
The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs develop postembryonically. In this work, we evaluated the postembryonic development of the appendicular skeleton and its changes with aging.
RESULTS
The juvenile limb skeleton is formed mostly by Sox9/Col1a2 cartilage cells. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton starts when animals reach a length of 10 cm, and cartilage cells are replaced by a primary ossification center, consisting of cortical bone and an adipocyte-filled marrow cavity. Vascularization is associated with the ossification center and the marrow cavity formation. We identified the contribution of Col1a2-descendants to bone and adipocytes. Moreover, ossification progresses with age toward the epiphyses of long bones. Axolotls are neotenic salamanders, and still ossification remains responsive to l-thyroxine, increasing the rate of bone formation.
CONCLUSIONS
In axolotls, bone maturation is a continuous process that extends throughout their life. Ossification of the appendicular bones is slow and continues until the complete element is ossified. The cellular components of the appendicular skeleton change accordingly during ossification, creating a heterogenous landscape in each element. The continuous maturation of the bone is accompanied by a continuous body growth.
Topics: Aging; Ambystoma mexicanum; Animals; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 34322944
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.407 -
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging Jan 2017Exostoses are the most common benign bone tumors, accounting for 10 to 15% of all bone tumors. They develop at the bone surface by enchondral ossification and stop... (Review)
Review
Exostoses are the most common benign bone tumors, accounting for 10 to 15% of all bone tumors. They develop at the bone surface by enchondral ossification and stop growing when skeletal maturity has been reached. At first, exostoses are covered by a smooth cartilage cap that progressively ossifies with skeleton maturity. Then they may regress, partly or even completely. Osteochondromas may be solitary or multiple, with the latter associated with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). Exostoses develop during childhood and become symptomatic during the third decade of life in the case of solitary exostoses, or earlier, in case of HME. They stop growing after puberty, when the epiphyseal plates close. Most exostoses remain asymptomatic. Local complications, usually benign, may occur, such as fractures or mechanical impingements upon nearby structures. In rare cases, sarcomatous degeneration occurs. Most of these complications have been described in case reports. This article describes the imaging features of benign complications of exostoses of the shoulder, pelvic girdles and appendicular.
Topics: Aneurysm, False; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Bursa, Synovial; Exostoses; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Nerve Compression Syndromes; Osteochondroma; Shoulder Impingement Syndrome; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 27316575
DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.11.021 -
Injury Aug 2013This study defines the incidence and epidemiology of joint dislocations and subluxations of the appendicular skeleton. All patients presenting acutely to hospital with a...
This study defines the incidence and epidemiology of joint dislocations and subluxations of the appendicular skeleton. All patients presenting acutely to hospital with a dislocation or subluxation of the appendicular skeleton from a defined population were included in the study. There were 974 dislocations or subluxations over one year between the 1st November 2008 and the 31st October 2009. There was an overall joint dislocation incidence of 157/10(5)/year (188/10(5)/year in males and 128/10(5)/year in females). Males demonstrated a bimodal distribution with a peak incidence of 446/10(5)/year at 15-24 years old and another of 349/10(5)/year in those over 90 years. Females demonstrate an increasing incidence from the seventh decade with a maximum incidence of 520/10(5)/year in those over 90 years. The most commonly affected joints are the glenohumeral (51.2/10(5)/year), the small joints of the hand (29.9/10(5)/year), the patellofemoral joint (21.6/10(5)/year), the prosthetic hip (19.0/10(5)/year), the ankle (11.5/10(5)/year), the acromioclavicular joint (8.9/10(5)/year) and the elbow (5.5/10(5)/year). Unlike fractures, dislocations are more common in the both the most affluent and the most socially deprived sections of the population. Joint disruptions are more common than previously estimated.
Topics: Acromioclavicular Joint; Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Joint Dislocations; Male; Middle Aged; Scotland; Young Adult
PubMed: 23433660
DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2013.01.043 -
European Radiology Mar 2004In relation to the clinical course, infection in bone can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic osteomyelitis. The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis is often... (Review)
Review
In relation to the clinical course, infection in bone can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic osteomyelitis. The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis is often challenging but can best be made by correlating radiography, bone scintigraphy and MRI with clinical information. Radiography should routinely be supplemented by sonography in the newborns and infants, if applicable. Brodie's abscess, which is clinically a subacute form of osteomyelitis, is best diagnosed by the combination of radiography and MRI. Chronic osteomyelitis is divided into primary haematogenous forms and exogenous, mostly post-traumatic, osteomyelitis. In the majority of patients, post-traumatic osteomyelitis is a clinical diagnosis; however, in a number of patients only the correlation of clinical findings, blood tests and imaging reveals the correct diagnosis. Often, MRI and scintigraphic methods, such as scanning with labeled leucocytes, together establish the diagnosis. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis may mimic bacterial osteomyelitis but is a distinct disease probably associated with the SAPHO syndrome.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bone and Bones; Chronic Disease; Humans; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Osteomyelitis; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Recurrence; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 14749963
DOI: 10.1007/s00330-003-2039-9 -
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Dec 2007Entheses are sites where tendons, ligaments, joint capsules or fascia attach to bone. Inflammation of the entheses (enthesitis) is a well-known hallmark of... (Review)
Review
Entheses are sites where tendons, ligaments, joint capsules or fascia attach to bone. Inflammation of the entheses (enthesitis) is a well-known hallmark of spondyloarthritis (SpA). As entheses are associated with adjacent, functionally related structures, the concepts of an enthesis organ and functional entheses have been proposed. This is important in interpreting imaging findings in entheseal-related diseases. Conventional radiographs and CT are able to depict the chronic changes associated with enthesitis but are of very limited use in early disease. In contrast, MRI is sensitive for detecting early signs of enthesitis and can evaluate both soft-tissue changes and intraosseous abnormalities of active enthesitis. It is therefore useful for the early diagnosis of enthesitis-related arthropathies and monitoring therapy. Current knowledge and typical MRI features of the most commonly involved entheses of the appendicular skeleton in patients with SpA are reviewed. The MRI appearances of inflammatory and degenerative enthesopathy are described. New options for imaging enthesitis, including whole-body MRI and high-resolution microscopy MRI, are briefly discussed.
Topics: Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Joints; Lower Extremity; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Rheumatic Diseases; Spondylarthritis; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 17526551
DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.070243 -
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related... Sep 2017
Review
Topics: Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Humans; Oncologists; Orthopedics
PubMed: 28589333
DOI: 10.1007/s11999-017-5399-1 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2005Traumatic luxation of joints of the appendicular skeleton is common.Timely and accurate identification of the luxation is essential to restoring normal function.... (Review)
Review
Traumatic luxation of joints of the appendicular skeleton is common.Timely and accurate identification of the luxation is essential to restoring normal function. Physical examination and radiographic assessment are commonly utilized for accurate identification and categorization. Conservative and surgical techniques are employed for treatment of luxations solely and in combination. Selection of appropriate reparative techniques is dependent on the joint injured as well as on other joint- and injury-specific factors.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Joint Dislocations; Joint Instability; Joints; Orthopedics; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 16129138
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2005.05.007