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Developmental Dynamics : An Official... Jun 2022The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs...
BACKGROUND
The axolotl is a key model to study appendicular regeneration. The limb complexity resembles that of humans in structure and tissue components; however, axolotl limbs develop postembryonically. In this work, we evaluated the postembryonic development of the appendicular skeleton and its changes with aging.
RESULTS
The juvenile limb skeleton is formed mostly by Sox9/Col1a2 cartilage cells. Ossification of the appendicular skeleton starts when animals reach a length of 10 cm, and cartilage cells are replaced by a primary ossification center, consisting of cortical bone and an adipocyte-filled marrow cavity. Vascularization is associated with the ossification center and the marrow cavity formation. We identified the contribution of Col1a2-descendants to bone and adipocytes. Moreover, ossification progresses with age toward the epiphyses of long bones. Axolotls are neotenic salamanders, and still ossification remains responsive to l-thyroxine, increasing the rate of bone formation.
CONCLUSIONS
In axolotls, bone maturation is a continuous process that extends throughout their life. Ossification of the appendicular bones is slow and continues until the complete element is ossified. The cellular components of the appendicular skeleton change accordingly during ossification, creating a heterogenous landscape in each element. The continuous maturation of the bone is accompanied by a continuous body growth.
Topics: Aging; Ambystoma mexicanum; Animals; Bone Development; Bone and Bones; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 34322944
DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.407 -
Current Topics in Developmental Biology 2019The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades.... (Review)
Review
The joints are a diverse group of skeletal structures, and their genesis, morphogenesis, and acquisition of specialized tissues have intrigued biologists for decades. Here we review past and recent studies on important aspects of joint development, including the roles of the interzone and morphogenesis of articular cartilage. Studies have documented the requirement of interzone cells in limb joint initiation and formation of most, if not all, joint tissues. We highlight these studies and also report more detailed interzone dissection experiments in chick embryos. Articular cartilage has always received special attention owing to its complex architecture and phenotype and its importance in long-term joint function. We pay particular attention to mechanisms by which neonatal articular cartilage grows and thickens over time and eventually acquires its multi-zone structure and becomes mechanically fit in adults. These and other studies are placed in the context of evolutionary biology, specifically regarding the dramatic changes in limb joint organization during transition from aquatic to land life. We describe previous studies, and include new data, on the knee joints of aquatic axolotls that unlike those in higher vertebrates, are not cavitated, are filled with rigid fibrous tissues and resemble amphiarthroses. We show that when axolotls metamorph to life on land, their intra-knee fibrous tissue becomes sparse and seemingly more flexible and the articular cartilage becomes distinct and acquires a tidemark. In sum, there have been considerable advances toward a better understanding of limb joint development, biological responsiveness, and evolutionary influences, though much remains unclear. Future progress in these fields should also lead to creation of new developmental biology-based tools to repair and regenerate joint tissues in acute and chronic conditions.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Cell Lineage; Humans; Joints; Morphogenesis
PubMed: 30902250
DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.11.002 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Mar 2020Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive primary bone tumor in the domestic dog that most often occurs within the appendicular skeleton. Despite the use of adjuvant... (Review)
Review
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive primary bone tumor in the domestic dog that most often occurs within the appendicular skeleton. Despite the use of adjuvant chemotherapy, most dogs succumb to metastatic disease within 1 year of diagnosis. To improve this outcome, substantial research is currently focused on investigating novel therapies. Herein, we review emerging treatments and clinical trials that, if proven efficacious, could revolutionize the standard of care for canine appendicular OSA. This article includes a critical perspective on the safety, efficacy, and limitations of select immunotherapy, virotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and personalized medicine trials, all of which reflect similar investigations taking place in human oncology. These clinical trials represent a major evolution in the overall approach to therapy for dogs with appendicular OSA that could have significant implications for improving survival.
Topics: Animals; Bone Neoplasms; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Osteosarcoma
PubMed: 32165755
DOI: No ID Found -
Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) Sep 2022Craniofacial and appendicular bone homeostasis is dynamically regulated by a balance between bone formation and resorption by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively.... (Review)
Review
Craniofacial and appendicular bone homeostasis is dynamically regulated by a balance between bone formation and resorption by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively. Despite the developments in multiple imaging techniques in bone biology, there are still technical challenges and limitations in the investigation of spatial/anatomical location of rare stem/progenitor cells and their molecular regulation in tooth and craniofacial bones of living animals. Recent advances in live animal imaging techniques for the craniofacial and dental apparatus can provide new insights in real time into bone stem/progenitor cell dynamics and function in vivo. Here, we review the current inventions and applications of the noninvasive intravital imaging technique and its practical uses and limitations in the analysis of stem/progenitor cells in craniofacial and dental apparatus in vivo. Furthermore, we also explore the potential applications of intravital microscopy in the dental field.
Topics: Animals; Bone and Bones; Intravital Microscopy; Molecular Imaging; Osteoclasts; Stem Cells
PubMed: 35980285
DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23498 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Jan 2021Bone retains regenerative potential into adulthood, and surgeons harness this plasticity during distraction osteogenesis. The underlying biology governing bone... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bone retains regenerative potential into adulthood, and surgeons harness this plasticity during distraction osteogenesis. The underlying biology governing bone development, repair, and regeneration is divergent between the craniofacial and appendicular skeleton. Each type of bone formation is characterized by unique molecular signaling and cellular behavior. Recent discoveries have elucidated the cellular and genetic processes underlying skeletal development and regeneration, providing an opportunity to couple biological and clinical knowledge to improve patient care.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature review of basic and clinical literature regarding craniofacial and long bone development, regeneration, and distraction osteogenesis was performed.
RESULTS
The current understanding in craniofacial and long bone development and regeneration is discussed, and clinical considerations for the respective distraction osteogenesis procedures are presented.
CONCLUSIONS
Distraction osteogenesis is a powerful tool to regenerate bone and thus address a number of craniofacial and appendicular skeletal deficiencies. The molecular mechanisms underlying bone regeneration, however, remain elusive. Recent work has determined that embryologic morphogen gradients constitute important signals during regeneration. In addition, striking discoveries have illuminated the cellular processes underlying mandibular regeneration during distraction osteogenesis, showing that skeletal stem cells reactivate embryologic neural crest transcriptomic processes to carry out bone formation during regeneration. Furthermore, innovative adjuvant therapies to complement distraction osteogenesis use biological processes active in embryogenesis and regeneration. Additional research is needed to further characterize the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for improved bone formation through adjuvant therapies and the role skeletal stem cells play during regeneration.
Topics: Animals; Bone Diseases; Bone Regeneration; Facial Bones; Humans; Models, Animal; Osteogenesis; Osteogenesis, Distraction; Skeleton; Skull
PubMed: 33370054
DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007451 -
PloS One 2022Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain,...
Roughly 400,000 people in the U.S. are living with bone metastases, the vast majority occurring in the spine. Metastases to the spine result in fractures, pain, paralysis, and significant health care costs. This predilection for cancer to metastasize to the bone is seen across most cancer histologies, with the greatest incidence seen in prostate, breast, and lung cancer. The molecular process involved in this predilection for axial versus appendicular skeleton is not fully understood, although it is likely that a combination of tumor and local micro-environmental factors plays a role. Immune cells are an important constituent of the bone marrow microenvironment and many of these cells have been shown to play a significant role in tumor growth and progression in soft tissue and bone disease. With this in mind, we sought to examine the differences in immune landscape between axial and appendicular bones in the normal noncancerous setting in order to obtain an understanding of these landscapes. To accomplish this, we utilized mass cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) to examine differences in the immune cell landscapes between the long bone and vertebral body bone marrow from patient clinical samples and C57BL/6J mice. We demonstrate significant differences between immune populations in both murine and human marrow with a predominance of myeloid progenitor cells in the spine. Additionally, cytokine analysis revealed differences in concentrations favoring a more myeloid enriched population of cells in the vertebral body bone marrow. These differences could have clinical implications with respect to the distribution and permissive growth of bone metastases.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Spine; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35476843
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267642 -
Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging Jan 2017Exostoses are the most common benign bone tumors, accounting for 10 to 15% of all bone tumors. They develop at the bone surface by enchondral ossification and stop... (Review)
Review
Exostoses are the most common benign bone tumors, accounting for 10 to 15% of all bone tumors. They develop at the bone surface by enchondral ossification and stop growing when skeletal maturity has been reached. At first, exostoses are covered by a smooth cartilage cap that progressively ossifies with skeleton maturity. Then they may regress, partly or even completely. Osteochondromas may be solitary or multiple, with the latter associated with hereditary multiple exostoses (HME). Exostoses develop during childhood and become symptomatic during the third decade of life in the case of solitary exostoses, or earlier, in case of HME. They stop growing after puberty, when the epiphyseal plates close. Most exostoses remain asymptomatic. Local complications, usually benign, may occur, such as fractures or mechanical impingements upon nearby structures. In rare cases, sarcomatous degeneration occurs. Most of these complications have been described in case reports. This article describes the imaging features of benign complications of exostoses of the shoulder, pelvic girdles and appendicular.
Topics: Aneurysm, False; Bone Neoplasms; Bone and Bones; Bursa, Synovial; Exostoses; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Nerve Compression Syndromes; Osteochondroma; Shoulder Impingement Syndrome; Vascular Diseases
PubMed: 27316575
DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.11.021 -
Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica... Nov 2022The purpose of this study was to investigate the results and complications in patients who had low-grade chondrosarcomas in the appendicular skeleton and were treated by...
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the results and complications in patients who had low-grade chondrosarcomas in the appendicular skeleton and were treated by intralesional curettage and cementation within the scope of 25 years of experience in a single center.
METHODS
Ninety-one patients (72 female and 19 male) were retrospectively analyzed. The median at the time of surgery was 43 (17-78) years, and the median follow-up was 102 (26-288) months. All patients were treated by intralesional curettage followed by cementation with high-viscosity bone cement (polymethylmethacrylate). Complications and local recurrence rates, as well as clinical outcome scores were recorded.
RESULTS
Five patients (5.49%) developed local recurrence at an average of 6.6 (6-9) months postoperatively. Four were treated with local wide excision and reconstruction with tumor prosthesis. One patient received recurettage and cementation. Two recurred patients were dedifferentiated into grade II chondrosarcomas in the last intervention. No major postoperative complication was identified in the series. Patients achieved an average Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring system of 92.4% (standard deviation 5.2; range 80-100) in the sixth postoperative month. Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scores in the recurrent patients decreased from an average of 90% to 75.3% after the final intervention.
CONCLUSION
Intralesional curettage and cementation seem safe and reliable techniques with low recurrence and complication rates in treating low-grade chondrosarcomas of the appendicular skeleton. Clinical, radiological, and pathological evaluations are mandatory before surgical intervention, and a multidisciplinary approach is crucial. A strict follow-up regimen in the early postoperative period is needed and strongly recommended to detect local recurrence.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level IV, Therapeutic Study.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Bone Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Cementation; Chondrosarcoma; Curettage; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 36567544
DOI: 10.5152/j.aott.2022.22091