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The Surgical Clinics of North America Feb 1979
Review
Topics: APUD Cells; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; Carcinoid Tumor; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Hyperplasia; Immunoenzyme Techniques; Lung Neoplasms; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neoplasms; Pancreatic Diseases; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pheochromocytoma
PubMed: 35846
DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)41736-6 -
Seminars in Oncology Sep 1978Many small cell carcinomas share morphological and physiological characteristics with normal and neoplastic cells of Pearse's APUD series, including pulmonary APUD cells... (Review)
Review
Many small cell carcinomas share morphological and physiological characteristics with normal and neoplastic cells of Pearse's APUD series, including pulmonary APUD cells and pulmonary carcinoid tumors. There is very likely more than one type of APUD cell in the lung, and conclusions that small cell carcinomas and carcinoids reflect neoplastic transformation of the same cell type are probably premature. The embryoogic lineage of pulmonary APUD cells is at present uncertain. The hypothesis that all APUD cells are derived from the neural crest is no longer tenable, and although some evidence does suggest a neural contribution to the pulmonary epithelium, additional embryologic studies are required. Some tumors that currently are classified as small cell carcinomas probably do not have APUD cell characteristics, and still others appear to have both APUD and non-APUD features. A subclassification of small cell carcinomas based on a combination of physiological and morphological features might prove to be of prognostic and therapeutic value, but current knowledge probably would not provide a sufficient foundation for a reliable or practical subclassification. Multidisciplinary studies of the differentiation and function of normal and neoplastic APUD cells in the lungs and elsewhere are needed.
Topics: APUD Cells; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms
PubMed: 29340
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Pathology Aug 1981The origin of the endocrine cells in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract is still a matter of debate. In the original concept of the amine precursor... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The origin of the endocrine cells in the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract is still a matter of debate. In the original concept of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) system, all APUD cells were considered to be derived from the neural crest. More recently it has been proposed that the APUD cell types of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts originate from neuroendocrine-programmed ectoblast. Still other investigators have reported observations that favor a direct endodermal origin of these cell types. Based on the assumption that in teratomas different tissue types which in normal embryogenesis are derived from the neuroectoderm might be expected to occur together, we investigated a series of cystic ovarian teratomas and testicular teratocarcinomas for the presence of brain tissue and of different types of APUD cells. In the ovarian teratomas, intestinal and respiratory APUD cell types were found almost exclusively without coexistence of brain tissue, whereas melanocytes, which are of neuroectodermal origin, occurred mostly together with brain tissue. In the testicular teratocarcinomas, intestinal types of APUD cells occurred without brain tissue. Peptide hormone production was found in appropriate tissues. It can therefore be concluded that in teratomas appropriate intestinal and respiratory APUD cells differentiate in and presumably descend directly from intestinal and respiratory epithelium.
Topics: APUD Cells; Cell Differentiation; Female; Humans; Male; Melanocytes; Ovarian Neoplasms; Teratoma; Testicular Neoplasms
PubMed: 6114639
DOI: No ID Found -
Seminars in Surgical Oncology 1993Neoplasms of APUD cell origin are quite variable in their metastatic behavior. Whereas pituitary and parathyroid tumors almost never metastasize, all oat cell lung... (Review)
Review
Neoplasms of APUD cell origin are quite variable in their metastatic behavior. Whereas pituitary and parathyroid tumors almost never metastasize, all oat cell lung cancers, malignant melanomas, trabecular carcinomas of the skin and medullary thyroid cancers are capable of dissemination. The metastatic proclivity of individual carcinoids, pancreatic and extrapancreatic islet cell tumors, and paragangliomas is much less predictable. In particular, there are no reliable histological markers of risk for lymphatic or hematogenous dissemination. The behavior of many carcinoids, islet cell carcinomas and paragangliomas is relatively indolent, even when metastatic disease is already present. However, unresectable distant metastases, especially liver involvement, connote a poor prognosis. Mortality is more often related to uncontrolled tumor growth and metastasis than to associated endocrinopathies. Curative or debulking surgical resection should be aggressively pursued as recent data show that worthwhile clinical disease-free survival can be realized in at least some patients.
Topics: APUD Cells; Apudoma; Humans; Neoplasm Metastasis; Neuroendocrine Tumors
PubMed: 7902611
DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980090512 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... 1989The paper presents the latest opinions dealing with biological features (the hormone production) and histogenesis of the small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The authors try... (Review)
Review
The paper presents the latest opinions dealing with biological features (the hormone production) and histogenesis of the small cell lung cancer (SCLC). The authors try to explain the problem of the rapid progression of SCLC as well as the rapid insensitivity to radiation and chemotherapy following initial responsiveness of SCLC.
Topics: APUD Cells; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Carcinoma, Small Cell; Chromosome Aberrations; Chromosome Disorders; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3; Hormones, Ectopic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Radiotherapy Dosage
PubMed: 2577339
DOI: No ID Found -
Archivum Histologicum Japonicum = Nihon... Dec 1982The neural crest cells give rise to a large variety of derivatives including neural, mesenchymal, APUD and/or paraneuron cell types. A better knowledge of these... (Review)
Review
The neural crest cells give rise to a large variety of derivatives including neural, mesenchymal, APUD and/or paraneuron cell types. A better knowledge of these derivatives was partly achieved through studies using Le Douarin's quail/chick marker system. We review here evidences which were thus provided for a neural crest origin of calcitonin containing cells, carotid body, aortic paraganglia, adrenomedulla, and against a neurectodermal origin of enterogastric and respiratory tract endocrine cells. The role of neural crest cells in Pearse's APUD system is discussed. The results implicate that an explanation for the common properties of these cell types and their pathological and biochemical significance should not be looked for in a common embryological origin but at another level. The place of neural crest and, more generally, neurectoderm derivatives in the paraneuron concept of Fujita is examined. The relevance of the epithelial origin of these cell types to their "receptosecretory" function is stressed. Considering neural crest itself as a unique system is still questioned and discussed here. Its ubiquity and penetration of other systems is pointed out as a widespread phenomenon which is not restricted to APUD and paraneuron systems.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adrenal Medulla; Animals; Calcitonin; Carotid Body; Cell Differentiation; Chick Embryo; Digestive System; Mice; Neural Crest; Neurons; Paraganglia, Nonchromaffin; Respiratory System
PubMed: 6133509
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical Endocrinology 1976In the Vertebrata the great majority of cells producing hormonal peptides belong to the APUD series and share its distinctive cytochemical and ultrastructural... (Review)
Review
In the Vertebrata the great majority of cells producing hormonal peptides belong to the APUD series and share its distinctive cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. According to the concept all members of the series are to be regarded as derivatives of neuroectoderm or of specialized (placodal) ectoderm. For most of the APUD cells this criterion is fulfilled in that their origin from neural tube, neural ridges or neural crest can be considered proven. Complete proof is not yet available for the APUD cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and indeed much contrary evidence can be cited. Despite the latter, our embryological studies show: (1) that the hypothalamohypophyseal complex is wholly neuroectodermal; (2)that the chronology of neural crest dispersion is such that this tissue could be responsible for observed APUD cell contributions to the foregut; (3) that placodal ectoderm makes important contributions to pharyngeal pouch endocrine derivatives in birds and mammals; and (4) that the amphibian parathyroid gland is derived from the same layer of neural ectoderm as the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis. Supporting immunocytochemical studies indicate that peptides belonging to the APUD series are more widely distributed than hitherto recognized and it is concluded: (1) that the whole of peptide endocrinology is neuroendocrinology; and (2) that the APUD cells, with a few cells hitherto regarded as being outside the series, form a third (Endocrine) division of the nervous system to add to the existing Somatic and Autonomic divisions.
Topics: APUD Cells; Animals; Anura; Chick Embryo; Digestive System; Ectoderm; Endocrine Glands; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Neural Crest; Peptides; Pharynx; Rana temporaria; Vertebrates
PubMed: 29734
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1976.tb03832.x -
Seminars in Surgical Oncology 1993The characteristic biochemical pathway of the APUDoma cell, namely amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation, are illustrated by the examples of serotonin and... (Review)
Review
The characteristic biochemical pathway of the APUDoma cell, namely amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation, are illustrated by the examples of serotonin and catecholamine metabolism. Increasing understanding of the origins of APUDomas as well as the biochemistry and physiology of the hormones they produce, has led to improved methods of detection, imaging and treatment of afflicted patients.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Apudoma; Catecholamines; Gastrinoma; Humans; Neurosecretory Systems; Pheochromocytoma; Serotonin; Thyroid Neoplasms; Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
PubMed: 7902604
DOI: 10.1002/ssu.2980090504 -
Anaesthesia Oct 1977A variety of cells found in the pituitary and pineal glands, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands, the gut, pancreas, thyroid (C-cells), chemoreceptors (type... (Review)
Review
A variety of cells found in the pituitary and pineal glands, sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands, the gut, pancreas, thyroid (C-cells), chemoreceptors (type I-Cells), lungs (P-cells), skin (melanocytes) and the urogenital tract have a common origin from the neural crest. These cells are programmed for neuro-endocrine function and, as a group, can be regarded as one of the physiological control systems. They secrete a variety of amine and peptide hormones and have common cytochemical characteristics from which the term APUD cell is derived. Tumours of these cells are referred to as 'apudomas' and may synthesise not only their own hormones but also those which are normally produced by other APUD cells. The relevant physiological properties of some of the peptides which have been described relatively recently are discussed and the principal clinical syndromes produced by the APUDomas are described.
Topics: APUD Cells; Adenoma, Islet Cell; Apudoma; Cushing Syndrome; Endocrine System Diseases; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Hormones; Humans; Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome; Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Paraneoplastic Endocrine Syndromes; Pheochromocytoma; Pituitary Neoplasms; Thyroid Neoplasms; Vasopressins; Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
PubMed: 23705
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1977.tb10110.x -
Human Pathology Mar 1985
Topics: APUD Cells; Apudoma; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans
PubMed: 2857680
DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(85)80024-1