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Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Feb 2014Cryopreservation process reduces lipids and phospholipids from buffalo bull spermatozoa. It was therefore hypothesized that supplementation of fatty acid to extender may...
Cryopreservation process reduces lipids and phospholipids from buffalo bull spermatozoa. It was therefore hypothesized that supplementation of fatty acid to extender may improve the post-thaw quality of buffalo semen. The objective was to evaluate the effect of arachidic acid supplementation in extender on post-thaw quality of buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) spermatozoa. Semen was collected from three adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls of similar age group with artificial vagina (42°C) for 3 weeks (replicate). Qualified semen ejaculates (n = 18) were split into four aliquots and diluted in tris-citric acid extender containing 0.0 (control), 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml at 37°C having approximately 50 × 10(6) spermatozoa/ml. Diluted semen was cooled to 4°C in 2 h and equilibrated for 4 h at 4°C. Cooled semen was filled in 0.5-ml straws at 4°C, kept on liquid nitrogen vapours for 10 min and plunged in liquid nitrogen for storage. Thawing of frozen semen was performed after 24 h at 37°C for 30 s. Sperm progressive motility (%) was improved in a dose-dependent manner by supplementing arachidic acid at 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ng/ml compared with control. Structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane (%), number of acrosome-intact live sperm (%) and sperm chromatin integrity (%) were better (p < 0.05) in extender having 5.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid compared with control. At 10.0 ng/ml, these values did not vary (p > 0.05) from those at 5.0 ng/ml. Further improvement in structural and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane, number of acrosome-intact live sperm and chromatin integrity was observed at 20.0 ng/ml of arachidic acid in extender. In conclusion, arachidic acid supplementation in extender improved the post-thaw quality parameters of cryopreserved Nili-Ravi buffalo bull spermatozoa. Among the arachidic acid concentrations studied, maximum improvement in post-thaw semen quality parameters was observed at 20.0 ng/ml.
Topics: Acrosome; Animals; Buffaloes; Cell Membrane; Chromatin; Cryopreservation; Cryoprotective Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eicosanoic Acids; Hot Temperature; Male; Semen Analysis; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 24112366
DOI: 10.1111/rda.12239 -
Food & Function Oct 2021Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease with a high incidence. Multiple factors including dietary composition contribute to its...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease with a high incidence. Multiple factors including dietary composition contribute to its occurrence. Recently, ketogenic diet which consists of a high proportion of fat and low carbohydrates has gained great popularity. Our study is aimed to explore the effect of ketogenic diet on IBD and its potential mechanisms. C57BL/6 mice were given a ketogenic diet or a control diet for a month and IBD was induced by 2% DSS in drinking water in the last week. Gut histology, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, gut microbiota and metabolism were assessed. Ketogenic diet substantially worsened colitis, in terms of higher body weight loss, DAI scores and histological scores as well as colon length shortening. Levels of serum and colon inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, GM-CSF and IL-10) were significantly up-regulated in mice treated with ketogenic diet and DSS. Increased intestinal permeability and decreased expressions of intestinal epithelial barrier associated genes were observed due to ketogenic diet administration. Pretreatment with ketogenic diet alters the bacterial abundance, increasing pathogenic taxa such as , , and and decreasing potential beneficial taxa such as . Ketogenic diet also modified gut metabolism, increasing metabolites in the bile secretion such as ouabain, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, quinine, cholic acid and glycocholic acid, and decreasing metabolites associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids including stearic acid, arachidic acid, erucic acid, and docosanoic acid. These results suggest that ketogenic diet aggravates DSS-induced colitis in mice by increasing intestinal and systemic inflammation, and disrupting the intestinal barrier, which results from modulated gut microbiota and metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Chemokines; Colitis; Colon; Cytokines; Dextran Sulfate; Diet; Diet, Ketogenic; Disease Models, Animal; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inflammation; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Permeability
PubMed: 34542110
DOI: 10.1039/d1fo02288a -
The British Journal of Nutrition Nov 2015Herein we hypothesise the positive effects of kojibiose (KJ), a prebiotic disaccharide, selected for reducing hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vivo that...
Herein we hypothesise the positive effects of kojibiose (KJ), a prebiotic disaccharide, selected for reducing hepatic expression of inflammatory markers in vivo that could modulate the severity of saturated arachidic acid (ARa)-induced liver dysfunction in hyperglycaemic rats. Animals were fed daily (20 d) with ARa (0·3 mg) together or not with KJ (22 mg approximately 0·5 %, w/w diet). Glucose, total TAG and cholesterol contents and the phospholipid profile were determined in serum samples. Liver sections were collected for the expression (mRNA) of enzymes and innate biomarkers, and intrahepatic macrophage and T-cell populations were analysed by flow cytometry. ARa administration increased the proportion of liver to body weight that was associated with an increased (by 11 %) intrahepatic macrophage population. These effects were ameliorated when feeding with KJ, which also normalised the plasmatic levels of TAG and N-acyl-phosphatidylethenolamine in response to tissue damage. These results indicate that daily supplementation of KJ significantly improves the severity of ARa-induced hepatic alterations.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Cholesterol; Disaccharides; Disease Models, Animal; Eicosanoic Acids; Female; Hyperglycemia; Liver; Macrophages; Organ Size; Phospholipids; Rats; Rats, Wistar; T-Lymphocytes; Triglycerides
PubMed: 26344377
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515003153 -
International Journal of Oral Science Aug 2021Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to...
Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to investigate the role of metabolism and macrophage polarization in cigarette-promoting oral leukoplakia. The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophage polarization and metabolism were studied in vivo and in vitro. The polarity of macrophages was detected by flow cytometric analysis and qPCR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to perform a metabolomic analysis of Raw cells stimulated with CSE. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the polarity of macrophages in the condition of glutamine abundance and deficiency. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound-healing assay, and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/PI (propidium iodide) double-staining flow cytometry were applied to detect the growth and transferability and apoptosis of Leuk-1 cells in the supernatant of Raw cells which were stimulated with CSE, glutamine abundance and deficiency. Hyperkeratosis and dysplasia of the epithelium were evident in smoking mice. M2 macrophages increased under CSE stimulation in vivo and in vitro. In total, 162 types of metabolites were detected in the CSE group. The metabolites of nicotine, glutamate, arachidic acid, and arginine changed significantly. The significant enrichment pathways were also selected, including nicotine addiction, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The results also showed that the supernatant of Raw cells stimulated by CSE could induce excessive proliferation of Leuk-1 and inhibit apoptosis. Glutamine abundance can facilitate this process. Cigarette smoke promotes oral leukoplakia via regulating glutamine metabolism and macrophage M2 polarization.
Topics: Animals; Glutamine; Leukoplakia, Oral; Macrophages; Mice; Smoking; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34373444
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00128-2 -
Thrombosis Research Aug 1984Uptake and metabolism of arachidonic acid, arachidic acid and oleic acid were investigated in isolated hepatocytes prepared from mouse liver with the collagenase...
Uptake of arachidonic acid, arachidic acid, oleic acid and their incorporation into phospholipids and triacylglycerols of isolated murine hepatocytes. Effect of thrombin-antithrombin III complex.
Uptake and metabolism of arachidonic acid, arachidic acid and oleic acid were investigated in isolated hepatocytes prepared from mouse liver with the collagenase perfusion method. The rate of uptake of arachidonic acid was time- and concentration- dependent. 94-98% of the arachidonic acid was incorporated into the phospholipid and triacylglycerol fractions following a 60 min incubation period at 37 degrees C. In the presence of thrombin-anti-thrombin III complex a change in the distribution of arachidonic acid incorporated into lipid fractions was found, i.e. increased incorporation into phosphatidyl-serine and phosphatidylethanolamine, whereas the uptake was not altered. There was no change in the uptake and incorporation of arachidic acid and oleic acid.
Topics: Animals; Antithrombin III; Arachidonic Acid; Arachidonic Acids; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Eicosanoic Acids; Liver; Mice; Oleic Acid; Oleic Acids; Phospholipids; Thrombin; Triglycerides
PubMed: 6435278
DOI: 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90232-9 -
RSC Advances Nov 2023Saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids with long carbon chains are organic compounds widely used in several applied fields, such as energy production, thermal energy...
Saturated monocarboxylic fatty acids with long carbon chains are organic compounds widely used in several applied fields, such as energy production, thermal energy storage, antibactericidal, antimicrobial, among others. In this research, a new polymorphic phase of arachidic acid (AA) crystal was synthesized and its structural and vibrational properties were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized Raman scattering. The new structure of AA was solved at two different temperature conditions (100 and 300 K). XRD analysis indicated that this polymorph belongs to the monoclinic space group 2/ (), with four molecules per unit cell ( = 4). All molecules in the crystal lattice adopt a configuration, exhibiting a (8) hydrogen bond pattern. Consequently, this new polymorphic phase, labeled as B form, is a polytype belonging to the monoclinic symmetry, ., B form. Complementarily, Hirshfeld's surfaces were employed to analyze the intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice of this polymorph at temperatures of 100 and 300 K. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to assign all intramolecular vibration modes related to experimental Raman-active bands, which were properly calculated using a dimer model, considering a pair of AA molecules in the configuration, according to the solved-crystal structure.
PubMed: 38020030
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05388a -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between total or individual SFA biomarkers and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2022. Three investigators independently assessed for inclusion and extracted data. Random-effects or fixed-effects models was used to estimate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of total or individual SFA biomarkers, including even-chain SFAs (e.g., 14:0, myristic acid; 16:0, palmitic acid; 18:0, stearic acid), odd-chain SFAs (e.g., 15:0, pentadecanoic acid; 17:0, margaric acid) and very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs; e.g., 20:0, arachidic acid; 22:0, behenic acid; 24:0, lignoceric acid), with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease [CVD; coronary heart disease (CHD) inclusive of stroke], CHD and stroke.
RESULTS
A total of 49 prospective studies reported in 45 articles were included. Higher concentration of circulating total SFAs was associated with an increasing risk of cardiometabolic diseases, the risk increased significantly by 50% for CVD (95%CI:1.31-1.71), 63% for CHD (95%CI:1.38-1.94), 38% for stroke (95%CI:1.05-1.82), respectively. Similarly, levels of even-chain SFAs were positively associated with higher risk of chronic diseases, with RRs ranging from 1.15 to 1.43. In contrast, the risk of cardiometabolic diseases was reduced with increasing odd-chain SFA levels, with RRs ranging from 0.62 to 0.91. A higher level of VLCSFAs corresponded to 19% reduction in CVD. Further dose-response analysis indicated that each 50% increment in percentage of total SFAs in circulating was associated with an 8% higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.14) and trends toward higher risk of CVD (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 0.98-1.34). Inverse linear relationships were observed between 17:0 biomarker and T2D or CVD risk.
CONCLUSION
Our findings support the current recommendations of reducing intake of saturated fat as part of healthy dietary patterns. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings on these SFAs in relation to cardiometabolic outcomes and to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022329182], identifier [CRD42022329182].
PubMed: 36046138
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963471 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Jan 2013Chitosan oligosaccharide-arachidic acid (CSOAA) conjugate was successfully synthesized and used for the development of self-assembled nanoparticles for doxorubicin (DOX)... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Chitosan oligosaccharide-arachidic acid (CSOAA) conjugate was successfully synthesized and used for the development of self-assembled nanoparticles for doxorubicin (DOX) delivery. The molar substitution of AA on CSO and critical micelle concentration (CMC) of CSOAA were measured. Physicochemical properties of DOX-loaded CSOAA-based nanoparticles, such as particle size, zeta potential and morphology, were also characterized. The DOX-loaded CSOAA-based nanoparticles showed spherical shape with a mean diameter of 130 nm and positive charge. According to the result of in vitro release test, DOX-loaded CSOAA-based nanoparticles exhibited sustained and pH-dependent drug release profiles. The CSOAA showed negligible cytotoxicity in FaDu, human head and neck cancer, cells. Cellular uptake of DOX in FaDu cells was higher in the nanoparticle-treated group compared to the free DOX group. The anti-tumor efficacy of DOX-loaded nanoparticles was also verified in FaDu tumor xenografted mouse model. These results suggested that synthesized amphiphilic CSOAA might be used for the preparation of self-assembled nanoparticles for anti-cancer drug delivery.
Topics: Animals; Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; Cell Line, Tumor; Chitosan; Delayed-Action Preparations; Doxorubicin; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Eicosanoic Acids; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Nanoparticles; Oligosaccharides; Particle Size; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 23174411
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.018 -
RSC Advances Sep 2022The enigmatic self-assembling ability of nanodiamond (ND) particles has been discovered herein. Diamond-rich crystalline nanosheets with thickness of approximately ∼25...
The enigmatic self-assembling ability of nanodiamond (ND) particles has been discovered herein. Diamond-rich crystalline nanosheets with thickness of approximately ∼25 nm were grown from a Langmuir monolayer of arachidic acid (AA) at the interface between air and a dilute aqueous ND solution. Their fine rectangular shapes with uniform uniaxial birefringence indicate appreciable crystallinity, thus supporting that they are hydrated colloidal crystals of homogeneous ND particles.
PubMed: 36275165
DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04757h -
Journal of Lipid Research Jul 2016Arachidonic acid and esterified arachidonate are ubiquitous components of every mammalian cell. This polyunsaturated fatty acid serves very important biochemical roles,... (Review)
Review
Arachidonic acid and esterified arachidonate are ubiquitous components of every mammalian cell. This polyunsaturated fatty acid serves very important biochemical roles, including being the direct precursor of bioactive lipid mediators such as prostaglandin and leukotrienes. This 20 carbon fatty acid with four double bonds was first isolated and identified from mammalian tissues in 1909 by Percival Hartley. This was accomplished prior to the advent of chromatography or any spectroscopic methodology (MS, infrared, UV, or NMR). The name, arachidonic, was suggested in 1913 based on its relationship to the well-known arachidic acid (C20:0). It took until 1940 before the positions of the four double bonds were defined at 5,8,11,14 of the 20-carbon chain. Total synthesis was reported in 1961 and, finally, the configuration of the double bonds was confirmed as all-cis-5,8,11,14. By the 1930s, the relationship of arachidonic acid within the family of essential fatty acids helped cue an understanding of its structure and the biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we review the findings leading up to the discovery of arachidonic acid and the progress toward its complete structural elucidation.
Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Biochemistry; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 27142391
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R068072