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International Journal of Oral Science Aug 2021Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to...
Oral immunosuppression caused by smoking creates a microenvironment to promote the occurrence and development of oral mucosa precancerous lesions. This study aimed to investigate the role of metabolism and macrophage polarization in cigarette-promoting oral leukoplakia. The effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on macrophage polarization and metabolism were studied in vivo and in vitro. The polarity of macrophages was detected by flow cytometric analysis and qPCR. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to perform a metabolomic analysis of Raw cells stimulated with CSE. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used to detect the polarity of macrophages in the condition of glutamine abundance and deficiency. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), wound-healing assay, and Annexin V-FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)/PI (propidium iodide) double-staining flow cytometry were applied to detect the growth and transferability and apoptosis of Leuk-1 cells in the supernatant of Raw cells which were stimulated with CSE, glutamine abundance and deficiency. Hyperkeratosis and dysplasia of the epithelium were evident in smoking mice. M2 macrophages increased under CSE stimulation in vivo and in vitro. In total, 162 types of metabolites were detected in the CSE group. The metabolites of nicotine, glutamate, arachidic acid, and arginine changed significantly. The significant enrichment pathways were also selected, including nicotine addiction, glutamine and glutamate metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. The results also showed that the supernatant of Raw cells stimulated by CSE could induce excessive proliferation of Leuk-1 and inhibit apoptosis. Glutamine abundance can facilitate this process. Cigarette smoke promotes oral leukoplakia via regulating glutamine metabolism and macrophage M2 polarization.
Topics: Animals; Glutamine; Leukoplakia, Oral; Macrophages; Mice; Smoking; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34373444
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00128-2 -
Current Opinion in Lipidology Feb 2022In contrast to other saturated fatty acids, very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) have received limited attention The purpose of this review is to summarize the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
In contrast to other saturated fatty acids, very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) have received limited attention The purpose of this review is to summarize the associations of VLSFAs, including arachidic acid, behenic acid, and lignoceric acid, with cardiovascular disease outcomes and type 2 diabetes; to discuss the findings implications; and to call for future studies of the VLSFAs.
RECENT FINDINGS
Increased levels of circulating VLSFAs have been found associated with lower risks of incident heart failure, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, mortality, sudden cardiac arrest, type 2 diabetes, and with better aging. The VLSFA associations are paralleled by associations of plasma ceramide and sphingomyelin species carrying a VLSFA with lower risks of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and mortality, suggesting VLSFAs affect the biological activity of ceramides and sphingomyelins thereby impacting health. For diabetes, there is no such parallel and the associations of VLSFAs with diabetes may be confounded or mediated by triglyceride and circulating palmitic acid, possible biomarkers of de novo lipogenesis.
SUMMARY
In many ways, the epidemiology has preceded our knowledge of VLSFAs biology. We hope this review will spur interest from the research community in further studying these potentially beneficial fatty acids.
Topics: Atrial Fibrillation; Cardiovascular Diseases; Ceramides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids; Heart Failure; Humans
PubMed: 34907969
DOI: 10.1097/MOL.0000000000000806 -
Journal of Lipid Research Jul 2016Arachidonic acid and esterified arachidonate are ubiquitous components of every mammalian cell. This polyunsaturated fatty acid serves very important biochemical roles,... (Review)
Review
Arachidonic acid and esterified arachidonate are ubiquitous components of every mammalian cell. This polyunsaturated fatty acid serves very important biochemical roles, including being the direct precursor of bioactive lipid mediators such as prostaglandin and leukotrienes. This 20 carbon fatty acid with four double bonds was first isolated and identified from mammalian tissues in 1909 by Percival Hartley. This was accomplished prior to the advent of chromatography or any spectroscopic methodology (MS, infrared, UV, or NMR). The name, arachidonic, was suggested in 1913 based on its relationship to the well-known arachidic acid (C20:0). It took until 1940 before the positions of the four double bonds were defined at 5,8,11,14 of the 20-carbon chain. Total synthesis was reported in 1961 and, finally, the configuration of the double bonds was confirmed as all-cis-5,8,11,14. By the 1930s, the relationship of arachidonic acid within the family of essential fatty acids helped cue an understanding of its structure and the biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we review the findings leading up to the discovery of arachidonic acid and the progress toward its complete structural elucidation.
Topics: Arachidonic Acid; Biochemistry; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 27142391
DOI: 10.1194/jlr.R068072 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between total or individual SFA biomarkers and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2022. Three investigators independently assessed for inclusion and extracted data. Random-effects or fixed-effects models was used to estimate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of total or individual SFA biomarkers, including even-chain SFAs (e.g., 14:0, myristic acid; 16:0, palmitic acid; 18:0, stearic acid), odd-chain SFAs (e.g., 15:0, pentadecanoic acid; 17:0, margaric acid) and very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs; e.g., 20:0, arachidic acid; 22:0, behenic acid; 24:0, lignoceric acid), with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease [CVD; coronary heart disease (CHD) inclusive of stroke], CHD and stroke.
RESULTS
A total of 49 prospective studies reported in 45 articles were included. Higher concentration of circulating total SFAs was associated with an increasing risk of cardiometabolic diseases, the risk increased significantly by 50% for CVD (95%CI:1.31-1.71), 63% for CHD (95%CI:1.38-1.94), 38% for stroke (95%CI:1.05-1.82), respectively. Similarly, levels of even-chain SFAs were positively associated with higher risk of chronic diseases, with RRs ranging from 1.15 to 1.43. In contrast, the risk of cardiometabolic diseases was reduced with increasing odd-chain SFA levels, with RRs ranging from 0.62 to 0.91. A higher level of VLCSFAs corresponded to 19% reduction in CVD. Further dose-response analysis indicated that each 50% increment in percentage of total SFAs in circulating was associated with an 8% higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.14) and trends toward higher risk of CVD (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 0.98-1.34). Inverse linear relationships were observed between 17:0 biomarker and T2D or CVD risk.
CONCLUSION
Our findings support the current recommendations of reducing intake of saturated fat as part of healthy dietary patterns. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings on these SFAs in relation to cardiometabolic outcomes and to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022329182], identifier [CRD42022329182].
PubMed: 36046138
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963471 -
Seed Weight and Genotype Influence the Total Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Peanut Seeds.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Peanut, an important oilseed crop cultivated worldwide as a dietary food, is a good food source with health benefits. To explore the potential benefits of peanuts as a...
Peanut, an important oilseed crop cultivated worldwide as a dietary food, is a good food source with health benefits. To explore the potential benefits of peanuts as a food resource, 301 peanut accessions were evaluated to determine the effect of seed weight and genotype on total oil content and fatty acid composition. Total oil was extracted using the Soxhlet method and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Wide variations in the 100-seed weight, total oil content, and fatty acid profile were observed among genotypes and accession types. An effect of seed weight on the fatty acid composition of peanut seeds was observed. Increases in the oleic acid content and decreases in the linoleic acid content occurred in association with increases in the 100-seed weight. Moreover, the 100-seed weight, total oil content, and individual and total fatty acid contents, except arachidic acid, differed significantly (p < 0.001 or 0.05) among the accession types of landrace, cultivar, breeding line, and unknown. The discovery of this high diversity could contribute to further studies of peanut domestication and evolutionary classification. Our findings are important for the selection of peanut seeds with health benefits and development of new varieties of peanut with health benefits.
PubMed: 36360076
DOI: 10.3390/foods11213463 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Although the gut microbiota may be involved in obesity onset and progression, the exact association of the gut microbiota in metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains...
BACKGROUND
Although the gut microbiota may be involved in obesity onset and progression, the exact association of the gut microbiota in metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) remains largely unknown.
METHODS
An integrated paired-sample metagenomic analysis was conducted to investigate the gut microbial network and biomarkers of microbial species from the MHO and healthy non-obese subjects in the GMrepo database. Further explorations were performed in the MHO mice model using a multiomics analysis to detect changes in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiome and associated metabolites.
RESULTS
In the human study, 314 matched metagenomic data were qualified for the final analysis. We identified seven significantly changed species possibly involved in MHO pathogenesis (MHO-enriched: , ; MHO-depleted: , , ; ; ). In the murine study, we found 79 significantly-changed species which may have possible associations with the MHO phenotype. The depletion of was commonly recognized in the human and murine MHO phenotype. Consistent with the metagenomic data, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) revealed significantly changed gut metabolites, which may promote MHO pathogenesis by altering the amino acids and lipid metabolic pathways. In the microbe-metabolites interaction analysis, we identified certain fatty acids (Dodecanedioic acid, Arachidic Acid, Mevalonic acid, etc.) that were significantly correlated with the MHO-enriched or depleted species.
CONCLUSION
This study provides insights into identifying specific microbes and metabolites that may involve in the development of obesity without metabolic disorders. Future modalities for MHO intervention may be further validated by targeting these bacteria and metabolites.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Obesity, Metabolically Benign; Obesity; Metagenomics
PubMed: 36389176
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1012028 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022The pathogenesis of the progressive loss of beta cell function latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) remains still elusive. We aim to study the fatty acid (FA)...
BACKGROUND
The pathogenesis of the progressive loss of beta cell function latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) remains still elusive. We aim to study the fatty acid (FA) profile in LADA.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Data from 116 patients with diabetes and GADA and 249 diabetes controls without GADA selected by Propensity Score Matching were collected. FA was analyzed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis.
RESULTS
Principal factor analysis found component 1 explains 82.6% of total variance contained fatty acids from a mixed of lard oil, seafood, and vegetable diet, followed by diet predominantly from vegetable oil, a diet of high fat diet, and a diet of seafood diet. The FA heatmap looked clearly different among the three groups with more similar type 1 (t1dm) and LADA fatty acid profile. n-3 α-linolenic acid (ALA), n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC-PUFA), such as Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid, n-3/n-6 ratio and triene/tetraene ratio were higher in patients with type 2 diabetes (t2dm) compared with LADA and t1dm. Saturated FAs were lower in t2dm than t1dm and LADA. Arachidic acid and n-6 LC-PUFAs were lower in t2dm than in t1dm and LADA. The characteristics of FAs in LADA were in between of classical t1dm and t2dm. Patients were classified into 6 clusters by FA clusters. Only cluster 2, 3, 5 contained enough patients to be analyzed. Cluster 5 showed an insulin deficient phenotype containing more than 60% of patients with t1dm and LADA and only 12.8% of t2dm. Cluster 2 and 3 were similar. β cell function and glycemic control was better in cluster 3 homing 25% of t2dm. Cluster 2 held 28% of t1dm and LADA, in this cluster more than 60% of patients was t2dm. n-3 linolenic acid, n-3 LC-PUFAs, some n-6 LC-PUFAs, n-3/n-6 ratio and triene/tetraene ratio were negatively associated with GADA positivity while n-6 Arachidonic Acid was associated positively with GADA. Similar findings were found for insulin sensitivity and beta cell function.
CONCLUSION
PUFA are associated with insulin sensitivity and beta cell function, and like other clinical features, FA profile distributed differently, but could not be used as makers to differentiate LADA from t1dm and t2dm.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
This study has been approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University (approval number: 2021-005).
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
none.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Autoimmunity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids; Glucose Intolerance; Glutamate Decarboxylase; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
PubMed: 35846301
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.916981 -
Biology Jan 2022Interferon-alpha-16 (IFNA16) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (TNFRSF19) are cytokines that may play a role in adipogenesis and fatness. Single...
Interferon-alpha-16 (IFNA16) and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 19 (TNFRSF19) are cytokines that may play a role in adipogenesis and fatness. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the porcine and genes were verified and their association with intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition were evaluated in commercial crossbred pigs. Two non-synonymous SNPs of the porcine c.413G > A and c.860G > C loci were detected in commercial crossbred pigs. The porcine c.413G >A polymorphism was significantly associated with stearic acid, total saturated FAs (SFAs), and the ratio of monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) to SFAs ( < 0.05). Furthermore, the porcine c.860G > C polymorphism was found to be significantly associated with IMF content and arachidic acid levels ( < 0.05). The results revealed that porcine and polymorphisms are related to IMF content and/or FA composition and affirmed the importance of these cytokine genes as potential candidate genes for lipid deposition and FA composition in the muscle tissue of pigs.
PubMed: 35053107
DOI: 10.3390/biology11010109 -
Biomedicines Sep 2022This paper discusses the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of nondipping blood pressure and its role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The...
BACKGROUND
This paper discusses the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of nondipping blood pressure and its role in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of free fatty acids (FAs) and their inflammatory metabolites on the nondipping phenomenon and the risk of sleep apnea in stroke patients.
METHODS
Sixty-four ischemic stroke patients were included in the prospective study. Group I consisted of 33 patients with a preserved physiological dipping effect (DIP), while group II included 31 patients with the nondipping phenomenon (NDIP). All subjects had FA gas chromatography and inflammatory metabolite measurements performed with the use of liquid chromatography, their 24 h blood pressure was recorded, and they were assessed with the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS).
RESULTS
In the nondipping group a higher level of C16:0 palmitic acid was observed, while lower levels were observed in regard to C20:0 arachidic acid, C22:0 behenic acid and C24:1 nervonic acid. A decreased leukotriene B4 level was recorded in the nondipping group. None of the FAs and derivatives correlated with the ESS scale in the group of patients after stroke. Correlations were observed after dividing into the DIP and NDIP groups. In the DIP group, a higher score of ESS was correlated with numerous FAs and derivatives. Inflammation of a lower degree and a higher level of anti-inflammatory mediators from EPA and DHA acids favored the occurrence of the DIP. A high level of C18: 3n6 gamma linoleic acid indicating advanced inflammation, intensified the NDIP effect.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrated potential novel associations between the FA levels and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of the nondipping phenomenon. There are common connections between fatty acids, their metabolites, inflammation, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and nondipping in stroke patients.
PubMed: 36140306
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092200 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Properties of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of arachidic and stearic acids, versus the amount of the films' monolayers were studied and applied for chloroform vapor...
Properties of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of arachidic and stearic acids, versus the amount of the films' monolayers were studied and applied for chloroform vapor detection with acoustoelectric high-frequency SAW sensors, based on an AT quartz two-port Rayleigh type SAW resonator (414 MHz) and ST-X quartz SAW delay line (157.5 MHz). Using both devices, it was confirmed that the film with 17 monolayers of stearic acid deposited on the surface of the SAW delay line at a surface pressure of 30 mN/m in the solid phase has the best sensitivity towards chloroform vapors, compared with the same films with other numbers of monolayers. For the SAW resonator sensing using slightly longer arachidic acid molecules, the optimum performance was reached with 17 LB film layers due to a sharper decrease in the Q-factor with mass loading. To understand the background of the result, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in intermittent contact mode was used to study the morphology of the films, depending on the number of monolayers. The presence of the advanced morphology of the film surface with a maximal average roughness (9.3 nm) and surface area (29.7 µm) was found only for 17-monolayer film. The effects of the chloroform vapors on the amplitude and the phase of the acoustic signal for both SAW devices at 20 °C were measured and compared with those for toluene and ethanol vapors; the largest responses were detected for chloroform vapor. For the film with an optimal number of monolayers, the largest amplitude response was measured for the resonator-based device. Conversely, the largest change in the acoustic phase produced by chloroform adsorption was measured for delay-line configuration. Finally, it was established that the gas responses for both devices coated with the LB films are completely restored 60 s after chamber cleaning with dry air.
PubMed: 36616699
DOI: 10.3390/s23010100