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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman...
The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320-400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280-335 and 335-430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm to 1331 cm, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm and 1330 cm from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.
Topics: Azathioprine; Photolysis; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Thiosulfates
PubMed: 35409337
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073975 -
Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases Aug 1984
Topics: Arthritis; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Azathioprine; Female; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Leukopenia; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Male; Neoplasms; Psoriasis; Risk
PubMed: 6509884
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC 2007Azathioprine is a synthetic purine analog derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It is a purine antagonist and its active metabolites act by disrupting the function of... (Review)
Review
Azathioprine is a synthetic purine analog derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It is a purine antagonist and its active metabolites act by disrupting the function of endogenous purines. It has a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive mechanism of action. It is used in dermatology for treatment of immunobullous diseases, generalized eczematous disorders and photodermatoses. There is an enzyme in the metabolism of azathioprine called thiopurine s-methyltransferase (TPMT). It is very important to measure the TPMT activity before initiating therapy so that proper dosing of azathioprine can be achieved.
Topics: Azathioprine; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 18093457
DOI: No ID Found -
Report on Carcinogens : Carcinogen... 2004
Topics: Animals; Azathioprine; Carcinogenicity Tests; Carcinogens; Environmental Exposure; Government Regulation; Guidelines as Topic; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Mice; Models, Biological; Rats; United States
PubMed: 21089807
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Dec 1966
Topics: Azathioprine; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Humans
PubMed: 5957425
DOI: No ID Found -
Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Feb 2022
Topics: Azathioprine; Dermatology; Genotype; Humans; Methyltransferases; Polymorphism, Genetic
PubMed: 34609021
DOI: 10.1111/ced.14915 -
The Journal of Rheumatology Dec 2017
Topics: Adult; Azathioprine; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome; Female; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
PubMed: 29196546
DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.170066 -
Journal of Hepatology Jul 2024
Comparative Study
Topics: Humans; Mycophenolic Acid; Hepatitis, Autoimmune; Azathioprine; Immunosuppressive Agents
PubMed: 38458322
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.02.022 -
Transplant International : Official... May 2015The patent of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has expired, and for enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), this will happen in 2017. In the twenty years these drugs... (Review)
Review
The patent of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has expired, and for enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS), this will happen in 2017. In the twenty years these drugs have been used, they have become extremely popular. In this review, the reasons for the popularity of mycophenolate are discussed, including the benefits compared to azathioprine. MMF and EC-MPS are therapeutically equivalent. Although neither is considered to be a narrow therapeutic index drug, this should not lead to careless switching between the innovator drug and generic formulations, or between one generic formulation and another. The pipeline of new immunosuppressive drugs is dry, and it is very likely that we will be using mycophenolate for many more years to come as a first-line immunosuppressive drug in our transplant population. Whether or not the development of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies is related to drug exposure (mycophenolic acid concentrations) remains to be investigated.
Topics: Azathioprine; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Monitoring; Drugs, Generic; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Immunosuppressive Agents; Kidney Transplantation; Mycophenolic Acid; Tablets, Enteric-Coated
PubMed: 25758949
DOI: 10.1111/tri.12554 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Aug 1991Azathioprine has been available for 30 years and is used in a variety of dermatologic conditions. In common with other systemic immunosuppressant drugs, it has... (Review)
Review
Azathioprine has been available for 30 years and is used in a variety of dermatologic conditions. In common with other systemic immunosuppressant drugs, it has potentially serious side effects in both the short and the long term. It has a favorable therapeutic ratio, however, and most side effects can be avoided by administering low doses for short periods. This review describes azathioprine's chemistry, drug interactions, adverse effects, and oncogenicity and then deals with its clinical applications. The well-established uses are discussed first, followed by less conventional ones. In severe, potentially fatal blistering diseases, azathioprine has an undisputed place in management. For intractable, disabling actinic reticuloid and atopic eczema, it has a smaller part to play, and its role is less clear.
Topics: Azathioprine; Drug Interactions; Eczema; Humans; Leukopenia; Pemphigoid, Bullous; Pemphigus; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 1918467
DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(91)70196-9